Mechanics of Composite and Multi-functional Materials, Volume 7

Preface	6
Contents	8
Chapter 1: Mechanics of Multifunctional Wings with Solar Cells for Robotic Birds	12
1.1 Introduction	12
1.2 Wing Designs	13
1.3 Measurement of Lift and Residual Thrust Forces	15
1.4 Measurement of Deformation and Strain on Wing Surface	16
1.5 Sensing Using Solar Cells	18
1.6 Conclusions	19
References	20
Chapter 2: Optimization of Magnetic and Electrical Properties of New Aluminium Matrix Composite Reinforced with Magnetic Nano ...	22
2.1 Introduction	22
2.2 Experimental Conditions	23
2.3 Results and Discussion	23
2.4 Conclusions	29
References	29
Chapter 3: Manufacturing and Characterization of Anisotropic Membranes for Micro Air Vehicles	30
3.1 Introduction	30
3.2 Numerical Methods	31
3.3 Direct Analysis	32
3.4 Experimental Data Re-sampling	32
3.5 Validation of the Hydrostatic Pressure Test Model	33
3.6 Non-isotropic Survey	34
3.7 Manufacturing Method	34
3.8 Testing Method	35
3.9 Mechanical Properties Characterization	36
3.10 Numerical Model	37
3.11 Conclusions	38
References	39
Chapter 4: Compliant Artificial Skins to Enable Robotic Sensing and Training by Touch	41
4.1 Introduction	41
4.2 Experimental Procedure	42
4.2.1 Sample Fabrication	42
4.2.2 Data Acquisition and Visualization	42
4.2.3 Force Sensing	43
4.2.4 3D Digital Image Correlation Characterization	44
4.2.5 DIC Measurements	45
4.3 Experimental Results and Discussion	45
4.3.1 3D DIC Surface Measurements	45
4.3.2 Strain Response of Skin	46
4.3.3 Comparison of Skin Response and 3D DIC Measurements	48
4.3.4 Sensing Braille with a Robot Arm	48
4.4 Conclusions	49
References	49
Chapter 5: Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy for Structural Health Monitoring	51
5.1 Introduction	51
5.2 Motivation	52
5.3 Experimental Procedure	52
5.4 Results and Discussion	54
5.5 Conclusions	57
References	58
Chapter 6: Soliton-based Sensor/Actuator for Delamination and Weak Bond Detection in Laminated Composites	59
6.1 Introduction	59
6.2 Experiment Setup	60
6.3 Numerical Approach	60
6.4 Results and Discussion	61
6.5 Conclusions	62
References	63
Chapter 7: In Pursuit of Bio-inspired Triboluminescent Multifunctional Compositesƒ	64
7.1 Introduction	64
7.2 Direct Dispersion of Zns:Mn Crystals in Cementitious Composite	65
7.2.1 Experimental	65
7.2.1.1 Sample Preparation	65
7.2.1.2 Mechanical Tests	66
7.2.2 Results and Discussion	66
7.3 Bio-inspired In-Situ Triboluminescent Optical Fiber (ITOF) Sensor	66
7.4 Civil Infrastructure with In-Situ `Pain´ Sensing Capability	67
7.4.1 Real-Time Failure Monitoring in Mortar Beams	68
7.4.1.1 Experimental	68
7.4.1.2 Result and Discussion	69
7.4.2 Real-Time Damage Monitoring in Reinforced Concrete Beams	70
7.4.2.1 Experimental	70
7.4.2.2 Result and Discussion	70
7.5 Fiber Reinforced Composites with In-Situ Damage Monitoring Capability	71
7.5.1 Experimental	71
7.5.1.1 ITOF-CFRP Panel Fabrication and Low Velocity Impact Test	71
7.5.2 Results and Discussion	72
7.6 Conclusion	73
References	73
Chapter 8: Passive-Only Defect Detection and Imaging in Composites Using Diffuse Fields	75
8.1 Introduction	75
8.2 Background	76
8.2.1 Correlation Function in Diffuse Fields	76
8.2.2 Matched-Field Processing	76
8.2.3 Dominant Source Null Operation	77
8.3 Experimental Setup	77
8.4 Experimental Results	78
8.5 Discussion and Conclusions	78
References	80
Chapter 9: Buckypaper-Cored Novel Photovoltaic Sensors for In-Situ Structural Health Monitoring of Composite Materials Using H...	81
9.1 Introduction	81
9.2 Materials and Methods	83
9.3 Results and Discussion	84
9.4 Conclusion	86
References	86
Chapter 10: Viscoelasticity of Glass-Forming Materials: What About Inorganic Sealing Glasses?	88
10.1 Introduction	88
10.2 Potential Energy Clock (PEC) Model	88
10.3 Simplified Potential Energy Clock (SPEC) Model	89
10.4 Material Characterization and SPEC Model Calibration	91
10.5 Inorganic Glasses	92
10.6 Summary	94
References	95
Chapter 11: Unified Creep Plasticity Damage (UCPD) Model for Rigid Polyurethane Foams	96
11.1 Introduction	96
11.2 Experimental Observations	96
11.3 Unified Creep Plasticity Damage (UCPD) Model	98
11.4 Summary	104
References	104
Chapter 12: Mechanical Behavior Characterization of Polyurethane Used in Bend Stiffener	105
12.1 Introduction	105
12.2 Materials and Experimental Procedure	106
12.2.1 Theoretical Background	106
12.2.2 Alexander Model	107
12.2.3 Yamashita-Kawabata Model	107
12.2.4 Polynomial Model	108
12.2.5 Hyperviscoelasticity	108
12.3 Results and Discussion	109
12.3.1 FTIR Analysis	109
12.3.2 Tensile Test	110
12.3.3 Stress Relaxation Test	111
12.4 Conclusions	112
References	112
Chapter 13: Effect of Pressure on Damping Properties of Granular Polymeric Materials	114
13.1 Introduction	114
13.2 Materials and Methods	115
13.2.1 Shear Relaxation Measurements	115
13.2.2 Measuring Principle	116
13.3 Results and Discussion	116
13.4 Damping Elements Based on Dissipative Granular Materials	118
13.5 Conclusions	119
References	120
Chapter 14: Wideband Material Characterization of Viscoelastic Materials	121
14.1 Introduction	121
14.2 Experimental Method and Data Analysis	122
14.3 Experimental Results	125
14.4 Conclusions	127
References	127
Chapter 15: On the Mechanical Response of Polymer Fiber Composites Reinforced with Nanoparticles	128
15.1 Introduction	128
15.2 Sample Preparation and Test Method	129
15.2.1 Material Used and Sample Preparation	129
15.2.2 Experiment Set-Up	129
15.3 Results and Discussion	130
15.4 Summary	132
References	132
Chapter 16: Design of Al-Nb2Al Composites Through Powder Metallurgy	134
16.1 Introduction	134
16.2 Experimental Conditions	135
16.3 Results and Discussions	135
16.4 Conclusions	141
References	141
Chapter 17: Influence of Heat Treatments on Microstructure and Mechanical Behaviour of Compressible Al Matrix, Low Density Com...	143
17.1 Introduction	143
17.2 Experimental Procedures	144
17.3 Results and Discussions	145
17.3.1 General Results: Typical Composite Product	145
17.3.2 Effect of Heat Treatment on the Composite Microstructure	146
17.3.3 Effect of Heat Treatment on Hardness and Mechanical Behaviour Under Compression	147
17.4 Conclusions	149
References	150
Chapter 18: Large Deformation of Particle-Filled Rubber Composites	151
18.1 Introduction	151
18.2 Materials and Specimen Preparations	152
18.3 Measured Stress and Deformation	153
18.4 Finite Element Simulations	154
18.5 Conclusions	155
References	155
Chapter 19: Advanced Structured Composites as Novel Phononic Crystals and Acoustic Metamaterials	156
19.1 Introduction	156
19.2 Wave Propagation Through Periodic Structures	157
19.3 Finite Element Modeling	157
19.4 Fabrication of Lattice-Resonator Structures	158
19.5 Square Lattice Structures	158
19.5.1 1D Square Lattice-Resonator Chains	159
19.6 Auxetic Lattice Structures	160
19.6.1 1D Auxetic Lattice-Resonator Chains	161
19.7 Conclusions	163
References	163
Chapter 20: Low-Cost Production of Epoxy Matrix Composites Reinforced with Scarp Rubber, Boron, Glass Bubbles and Alumina	164
20.1 Introduction	164
20.2 Experimental Conditions	165
20.2.1 Materials Processing	165
20.2.2 Mechanical Tests and Microstructural Analysis	165
20.2.3 Measurements of the Density of the Specimens	166
20.2.4 Measurements of Dielectric Properties	166
20.2.5 Nanoindentation: Creep and Wear Tests	166
20.3 Results and Discussions	166
20.3.1 Microstructure and Fracture Surfaces of the Compositions	166
20.3.2 Dielectric Response of the Composite Structure	167
20.3.3 Creep Testing by Nanoindentation	167
20.3.4 Wear Testing by Nanoindentation	171
20.4 Conclusions	172
References	172
Chapter 21: Prediction of Flexural Properties of Coir Polyester Composites by ANNƒ	174
21.1 Introduction	174
21.2 Materials and Methods	176
21.2.1 Materials	176
21.2.2 Specimen Casting	176
21.2.3 Flexure Test	176
21.3 Results and Discussions	176
21.4 Conclusion	178
References	180
Chapter 22: Filler-Reinforced Poly(Glycolic Acid) for Degradable Frac Balls Under High-Pressure Operation	182
22.1 Introduction	182
22.2 Experimental	185
22.2.1 Materials	185
22.2.2 Preparation of PGA Composites	185
22.2.3 Measurements	185
22.3 Results and Discussion	186
22.4 Conclusions	189
References	189
Chapter 23: Characteristics of Elastomeric Composites Reinforced with Carbon Black and Epoxy	191
23.1 Introduction	191
23.2 Experimental Conditions	192
23.3 Results and Discussion	193
23.3.1 Vulcanization Characteristics	193
23.3.2 Mechanical Properties	194
23.3.3 Hardness-Shore A Test Evaluation	195
23.3.4 Dynamic Mechanical Thermal Analysis	195
23.3.5 Microindentation Analysis	196
23.3.6 Nanoindentation Analysis	197
23.3.7 Damage and Fracture Surface Analysis by Means of Scanning Electron Microscopy	199
23.4 Conclusion	199
References	200
Chapter 24: Mechanical Properties of Extensively Recycled High Density Polyethylene	202
24.1 Introduction	202
24.2 Materials and Methods	203
24.2.1 Material	203
24.2.2 Simulation of Mechanical Recycling	203
24.2.3 Nanoindentation	203
24.2.4 Shear Creep Compliance	203
24.2.5 Differential Scanning Calorimetry	204
24.3 Results and Discussion	204
24.3.1 Hardness and Modulus	204
24.3.2 Shear Creep Compliance	205
24.3.3 Differential Scanning Calorimetry	206
24.4 Conclusions	207
References	207
Chapter 25: Mechanical Characterization and Preliminary Modeling of PEEK	208
25.1 Introduction	208
25.2 Materials and Experimental Methods	209
25.2.1 Wave Moduli Measurement	209
25.2.2 Equilibrium Stress Measurement	210
25.3 Experimental Results and Discussion	210
25.4 Modeling	211
25.5 Anisotropic Elastic Response	212
25.6 Partition of the Cauchy Stress	213
25.7 Modeling Back Stress	215
25.8 Modeling Flow Rule	216
25.9 Summary	217
References	217
Chapter 26: Characterization of the Nonlinear Elastic Behavior of Chinchilla Tympanic Membrane Using Micro-fringe Projection	218
26.1 Introduction	218
26.2 Method	218
26.2.1 Micro-fringe Projection	218
26.2.2 Sample Preparation	219
26.2.3 Finite Element Simulations	220
26.3 Results and Discussion	221
26.4 Conclusion	223
References	223
Chapter 27: Compression of Silicone Foams	224
27.1 Introduction	224
27.2 Material and Specimen	224
27.3 Experimental Setup	225
27.4 Experiment	225
27.5 Conclusion	229
Chapter 28: Voltage Control of Single Magnetic Domain Nanoscale Heterostructure, Analysis and Experiments	230
28.1 Introduction	230
28.2 Theory	231
28.3 Simulation and Results	231
28.4 Conclusion	233
References	233
Chapter 29: Active Damping in Polymer-Based Nanocomposites	234
29.1 Introduction	234
29.2 Experimental	235
29.2.1 Processing	235
29.2.2 Mechanical Characterization	235
29.3 Results and Discussion	236
29.4 Conclusions	238
References	238
Chapter 30: MWCNT and CNF Cementitious Nanocomposites for Enhanced Strength and Toughness	239
30.1 Introduction	239
30.2 Experimental Program	240
30.2.1 Materials and Specimen Preparation	240
30.2.2 Mechanical and Fracture Testing	240
30.3 Results and Discussion	241
30.4 Conclusions	243
References	244
Chapter 31: Small Scale Thermomechanics in Si with an Account of Surface Stress Measurements	245
References	248
Chapter 32: Magnetorheological Elastomers: Experimental and Modeling Aspects	249
32.1 Introduction	249
32.2 Study of Interfacial Adhesion	250
32.3 Magneto-Mechanical Experimental Characterization	252
32.4 Constitutive Modeling	253
32.5 Conclusion	254
References	254
Chapter 33: Failure Criteria of Composite Materials Under Static and Dynamic Loading	255
33.1 Introduction	255
33.2 Characterization of Composite Lamina	256
33.3 Strain-Rate-Dependent Failure Criteria	256
33.4 Strain-Rate-Dependent Yield Criteria	260
33.5 Progressive Damage of Composite Laminates	262
33.5.1 Yielding of Lamina	262
33.5.2 Failure Initiation and Characteristic Damage State	262
33.6 Summary and Conclusions	265
References	265
Chapter 34: A Theory of Multi-Constituent Finitely-Deforming Composite Materials Subject to Thermochemical Changes with Damage	266
34.1 Introduction	266
34.2 Chemothermal Decomposition	266
34.3 Maximization of Entropy Production	267
34.4 Entropy Production Function	268
34.5 Definition of Strain Energy and Application to a Material with Evolving Damage	269
References	272
Chapter 35: Pressurized In-Situ Dynamic Mechanical Thermal Analysis Method for Oilfield Polymers and Composites	273
35.1 Introduction	273
35.2 Experimental	275
35.2.1 HPHT In-Situ Thermomechanical Testing System	275
35.2.2 Test Materials	276
35.2.3 In-Situ wet Tg Determination	277
35.2.4 Hydrostatic Pressure-Dependent Tg Determination	279
35.3 Results and Discussion	280
35.3.1 Results of In-Situ Wet Tg Determination	280
35.3.2 Results of Hydrostatic Pressure-Dependent Tg Determination	283
35.4 Conclusions	285
References	285
Chapter 36: HPHT Hot-Wet Resistance of Reinforcement Fibers and Fiber-Resin Interface of Advanced Composite Materials	286
36.1 Introduction	286
36.2 Experimental	288
36.2.1 Reinforcement Fibers and Composite Laminates	288
36.2.2 HPHT Hot-Wet Environmental Simulation	289
36.2.3 Hot-Wet Evaluation of Woven Fabric Tape	289
36.2.4 Composite Mechanical Tests	290
36.2.5 Microstructure and Interface Examination	290
36.2.6 Thermal Mechanical Analysis	291
36.2.7 Analytical Methods for Fiber Degradation Mechanism Study	291
36.3 Results and Discussion	291
36.3.1 Hot-Wet Resistance of Reinforcement Fibers	291
36.3.2 Fiber and Fiber/Resin Interface Degradation in Composites	298
36.3.3 Fiber and Fiber/Resin Interfacial Effects on Mechanical Properties of Composites	303
36.3.3.1 Tensile Strength of Selected Continuous Fiber-Reinforced Composites	303
36.3.3.2 Compression Strength of Selected Continuous Fiber-Reinforced Composites	305
36.3.3.3 Tensile Properties of Short Fiber-Filled PEEK Composite Molding Compounds	308
Room-Temperature Tensile Properties	308
Elevated-Temperature Tensile Properties	310
36.4 Conclusions	313
References	314
Chapter 37: Laboratory Testing on Composites to Replicate Oil and Gas Service	316
37.1 Introduction	316
37.2 Experimental Work	316
37.3 Conclusion	321
References	322
Chapter 38: Measurement of Thermal Deformation of CFRP Under Rapid Heating	323
38.1 Introduction	323
38.2 Infrared Lamp Rapid Heating Equipment	324
38.3 Digital Image Correlation Method	325
38.4 Preliminary Experiment	328
38.5 Conclusion	329
References	329
Chapter 39: Performance of Patch and Full-Encirclement Bonded Composite Repairsƒ	331
39.1 Introduction	331
39.2 Experimental	332
39.2.1 Specimens Design and Manufacture	332
39.2.2 Pressure Fatigue Testing	332
39.3 Finite Elemental Analysis	332
39.4 Results and Discussion	334
39.4.1 Finite Element Results	334
39.4.2 Pressure Fatigue Testing	336
39.5 Conclusions	337
References	337
Chapter 40: Meso-Scale Deformation Behavior of Polymer Bonded Energetic Material Under Quasi-Static Compression	338
40.1 Introduction	338
40.2 Materials and Experimental Procedure	339
40.2.1 Preparation of the Material	339
40.2.2 Experimental Procedure	339
40.3 Results and Discussion	340
40.3.1 Strain Localization in PBS-1, PBS-2 and PBS-3	340
40.4 Summary	342
References	343
Chapter 41: Subsidence Modeling and Analysis for Sand Shear Strength Parameter Testing	344
41.1 Introduction	344
41.2 Soil Strength Testing Using Controlled Surface Subsidence	345
41.3 Analysis of Soil Internal Friction Angle and Angle of Break	347
41.4 Soil Surface Deformation Measurement Technique	348
41.5 Physical Model for Subsidence Simulation	350
41.6 Examples of Subsidence Simulation Results and Visualizations	351
41.7 Discussion and Remarks	353
References	355
Chapter 42: Determining the Shear Relaxation Modulus and Constitutive Models for Polyurea and Polyurea-Based Composite Materia...	356
42.1 Introduction	356
42.2 Material Fabrication	357
42.3 Dynamic Mechanical Analysis and Master Curves Development	357
42.4 Master Curves Quality Assessments	358
42.5 Relaxation Modulus and Prony Series	359
42.6 Discussion	359
References	360
Chapter 43: Long Term Stability of UHMWPE Fibers	361
43.1 Introduction	361
43.2 Experimental	362
43.3 Results and Discussion	363
43.4 Conclusions	366
References	367
Chapter 44: Age Deformation After Stamping of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polycarbonate Laminates	368
44.1 Introduction	368
44.2 Viscoelastic Model for Spring Back and Age Deformation	368
44.3 Experiments and Results	370
44.3.1 Preparation of CF/PC Laminates	370
44.3.2 Determination of Stamping Temperature	370
44.3.3 Stamping of CF/PC Laminates	371
44.3.4 Observation of Damage of Stamped CF/PC Laminates	371
44.3.5 Spring Back and Age Deformation	372
44.3.6 Long-Term Prediction of Age Deformation	373
44.4 Conclusion	376
References	376
Chapter 45: Incremental Formulation for Coupled Viscoelasticity and Hydrolock Effect in Softwood	377
45.1 Introduction	377
45.2 Experimental Evidence of the Hydrolock Effect	378
45.3 Analytical Model	379
45.3.1 Thermodynamic Framework	379
45.3.2 Hydrolock Strain Formulation in the Drying Phase	380
45.3.3 Hydrolock Strain Formulation in the Wetting Phase	380
45.3.4 Viscoelastic Strain	381
45.4 Incremental Model	381
45.4.1 Hydric Strain Increment	382
45.4.2 Hydrolock Strain Increment	382
45.4.2.1 Drying Phase	382
45.4.2.2 Wetting Phase	382
45.4.3 Viscoelastic Strain Increment	382
45.4.4 Global Incremental Formulation	384
45.5 Numerical Validation	384
45.6 Conclusion	385
References	385
Chapter 46: Accelerated Creep Testing of CFRP with the Stepped Isostress Method	386
46.1 Introduction	386
46.2 Test Method	387
46.2.1 Materials and Specimens	387
46.2.2 Preliminary Tensile Tests	387
46.2.3 SSM Creep Tests	388
46.3 Results and Discussion	388
46.3.1 Procedure for Data Analysis	388
46.3.2 Creep Master Curves	389
46.3.3 Creep Rupture	391
46.4 Summary	392
References	392
Chapter 47: Coupon-Based Qualification for the Fatigue of Composite Repairs of Pressure Equipment	393
47.1 Introduction	393
47.2 Experimental Methods	394
47.2.1 Specimen Manufacture	394
47.2.2 Fatigue Testing	394
47.3 Results and Discussion	394
47.3.1 Specimen Calibration	394
47.3.2 Fatigue Testing	395
47.4 Conclusions	397
References	397
Chapter 48: Effect of a Composite Coupler on Automotive Windshield Wiper System Chatter	398
48.1 Introduction	398
48.2 Design of the Composite Coupler	400
48.3 Validation Test Results and Discussions	402
48.3.1 Durability Test	402
48.3.2 Chatter Test	403
48.4 Conclusions	407
References	407
Chapter 49: Through Process Modeling Approach: Effect of Microstructure on Mechanical Properties of Fiber Reinforced Composites	408
49.1 Introduction and Motivations	408
49.2 Numerical Modeling	410
49.2.1 Fiber Reinforced Plastic Flow Modeling	410
49.2.2 Fiber Orientation Distribution (FOD) Modeling	411
49.2.3 Estimation of Elastic Properties	412
49.3 Results and Discussion	412
49.4 Conclusion	416
References	416
Chapter 50: Molding Strain of Glass Fibers of Model GFRP	418
50.1 Introduction	418
50.2 Material and Experimental Method	418
50.2.1 Model Specimens	418
50.2.2 Measurement of Strain by FBG Sensors	419
50.3 Fem Analysis	420
50.3.1 Constitutive Equation	420
50.3.2 Material Characteristics of Resin	421
50.3.3 FEM Model	422
50.4 Results and Discussion	423
50.5 Conclusion	424
References	424
Chapter 51: Effect of Molding Conditions on Process-Induced Deformation of Asymmetric FRP Laminates	425
51.1 Introduction	425
51.2 Material and Experimental Method	426
51.2.1 Materials	426
51.2.2 Measurement of Degree of Cure	426
51.2.3 Measuring Warping Deflection After Demolding	426
51.3 Experimental Results and Discussion	427
51.3.1 Effect of Temperature Pattern on Process-Induced Deformation	427
51.3.2 Effect of Constraint by a Molding Die	430
51.4 Conclusion	430
References	430
Chapter 52: Simulation of High Rate Failure Mechanisms in Composites During Quasi-static Testing	431
52.1 Introduction	431
52.2 Material	432
52.3 Laterally Constrained Compression Test	432
52.3.1 Sample Preparation	433
52.3.2 2D Woven Data	433
52.3.3 Comparison to Ballistic Testing	435
52.4 Conclusions	435
References	436
Chapter 53: Meso-scale Deformation Mechanisms of Polymer Bonded Energetic Materials Under Dynamic Loading	437
53.1 Introduction	437
53.2 Materials and Experimental Procedure	438
53.2.1 Preparation of the Material	438
53.2.2 Experimental Methods	438
53.3 Results and Discussion	440
53.4 Summary	441
References	441
Chapter 54: High Strain Rate Tensile Behavior of Fiber Metal Laminates	443
54.1 Introduction	443
54.2 Experimental Details	444
54.2.1 Specimen Configuration	444
54.2.2 Quasi-static Loading	444
54.2.3 High Strain Rate Loading	445
54.2.4 High Speed Real Time Digital Imaging	446
54.3 Results	446
54.4 Conclusions	446
References	447
Chapter 55: Compressive Response of Cellular Core Filled with Micro-Sphere Embedded Aluminum	448
55.1 Introduction	448
55.2 Experimental Details	448
55.2.1 Material Description	448
55.3 Results and Discussion	450
55.3.1 Quasi-Static Compressive Stress-Strain Behaviour	450
55.3.2 Dynamic Compressive Stress-Strain Behavior	451
55.4 Conclusion	452
References	453
ERRATUM TO	454

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