Sensors and Instrumentation, Aircraft/Aerospace, Energy Harvesting & Dynamic Environments Testing, Volume 7

Preface	6
Contents	7
1 Orion MPCV E-STA Nonlinear Dynamics Uncertainty Factors	9
1.1 Introduction	9
1.2 Analysis	10
1.3 Conclusion	15
References	15
2 The Vibration and Acoustic Effects of Prop Design and Unbalance on Small Unmanned Aircraft	16
2.1 Introduction	16
2.2 Experimental Testing	17
2.3 Vibration Testing	18
2.4 Acoustic Testing	20
2.5 Conclusions	22
References	23
3 A Deformed Geometry Synthesis Technique for Determining Stacking and Cryogenically Induced Preloads for the Space Launch System	24
3.1 Introduction	24
3.2 DGS Verification Problems	25
3.2.1 Verification Problem #1: Ball Jointed Strut Problem – Preloads (Linear Case)	25
3.2.2 Verification Problem #2: Ball Jointed Strut Problem – Preloads (Nonlinear Case)	26
3.3 Application to the SLS System	27
3.4 DGS of Vehicle Stabilizer System (VSS) to the SLS	28
3.5 DGS of ML Extensible Columns (EC)	29
3.6 Liftoff Pad Separation Twang – Release of Preloads	31
3.7 Conclusion	32
References	33
4 End-to-End Assessment of Artemis-1 Development Flight Instrumentation	34
4.1 Introduction	34
4.2 Background	34
4.2.1 Investigation	36
4.3 Conclusion	40
5 Space Launch System Mobile Launcher Modal Pretest Analysis	41
5.1 Background	41
5.2 Verifying Validity of Results	44
5.3 Residual Vectors and Accounting for Compliance Contribution of Out-of-Band Modes	45
5.4 Target Mode Selection	46
5.5 Test DOF Selection	47
5.6 ML Shakers	48
5.7 Drop Hammer Forces	49
5.8 ML Shaker and Drop Hammer Suitability Study	49
5.9 Accelerometer Sensor Noise	50
5.10 Ambient Background Noise (Not Including Accelerometer and Data Acquisition Sensor/Signal Noise)	50
5.11 Force Response Analysis Theory and Implementation	50
5.12 Conclusions	53
References	53
6 Feasibility Study to Extract Artemis-1 Fixed Base Modes While Mounted on a Dynamically Active Mobile Launch Platform	55
Acronyms	55
6.1 Introduction and Background	55
6.2 Analysis Model	56
6.3 Analysis Strategy	58
6.4 Results	59
6.5 Technology Readiness Level	59
6.6 Summary	61
References	61
7 Challenges to Develop and Design Ultra-high Temperature Piezoelectric Accelerometers	62
7.1 Introduction	62
7.2 Experimental Procedure	63
7.3 Results and Discussion	64
7.4 Challenges	66
7.5 Conclusion	67
References	67
8 Application of Quasi-Static Modal Analysis to an Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle Test	69
8.1 Introduction	69
8.2 Background	70
8.3 Sdof System with Bouc-Wen Joint Model	72
8.4 QSMA Implementation	73
8.5 Results and Comparisons	75
8.6 Conclusion	78
References	78
9 Using BB-gun or Acoustic Excitation to Find High Frequency Modes in Additively Manufactured Parts	80
9.1 Introduction	80
9.2 Background	81
9.2.1 Acoustic Testing	81
9.2.2 BB-gun Testing	82
9.3 Methods	83
9.3.1 Acoustic Testing	83
9.3.2 BB-gun Testing	84
9.4 Results	85
9.4.1 Acoustic Testing	85
9.4.2 BB-gun Testing	85
9.5 Conclusion	87
References	87
10 Parametric Analysis and Voltage Generation Performance of a Multi-directional MDOF Piezoelastic Vibration Energy Harvester	88
10.1 Introduction	88
10.2 Multi-directional MDOF Harvester	89
10.2.1 Prototype Geometric Configuration	89
10.2.2 Structural Model of the 3D Harvester	89
10.3 Theory Review	91
10.3.1 Piezoelectric Effect	91
10.3.2 Electromechancial Modeling	93
10.4 Experimental Setup	96
10.5 Preliminary Experimental Results	96
10.6 Conclusion	98
References	98
11 Are We Nearly There Yet? Progress Towards the Fusion of Test and Analysis for Aerospace Structural Dynamics	99
11.1 The Primary Role of Aerospace Structural Dynamics – Structural Performance	99
11.2 Primary Objectives – Design and Demonstrate	99
11.3 Models for Structural Dynamics	100
11.4 Current State of the Art	100
11.5 Recommendations	101
References	101
12 Feasibility Study of SDAS Instrumentation's Ability to Identify Mobile Launcher (ML)/Crawler-Transporter (CT) Modes During Rollout Operations	102
12.1 Introduction	103
12.2 Analysis Approach	104
12.2.1 Hardware Configuration	104
12.2.2 Target Modes	106
12.2.3 Instrumentation Pretest Analysis	108
12.2.4 Force Response Analysis Data Quality Checks	110
12.2.5 Force Response Analysis Results	115
Speed Parameter Sensitivity	116
Damping Parameter Sensitivity	117
Broadband Noise Parameter Sensitivity	120
12.3 Summary	120
References	122
13 The Integrated Modal Test-Analysis Process (2020 Challenges)	123
13.1 Introduction	123
13.2 Nomenclature	124
13.3 Overview of the Integrated Test Analysis Process	124
13.4 Definition of Systematic Test Article Finite Element Models	124
13.4.1 Estimation of Dynamic Bandwidth	125
13.4.2 The Frequency-Wavelength Relationship	125
13.4.3 The Abramson Cylinder and the “Many Modes” Problem	126
13.4.4 Further Experimental Results for Cylindrical Tanks	127
13.4.5 On the Nature of Damping in Structures	127
13.5 Systematic Modal Test Planning	128
13.5.1 Understanding of Test Article Modal Characteristics	129
13.5.2 Target Mode Selection	131
13.5.3 Response DOF Selection for Mapping Experimental Modes (the RKE Method)	135
13.5.4 ISS P5 Modal Test Planning with the RKE Method	137
13.6 Measured Data Analysis	138
13.6.1 Preliminary Measured Data Analysis	138
13.6.2 Frequency Response Function Estimates from Measured Data	140
13.6.3 MI/SO Frequency Response Function Estimation	141
13.6.4 MI/SO Frequency Response Function Estimation Using Cholesky Factorization	141
13.6.5 Illustrative Example: ISPE Modal Test	143
13.6.6 Illustrative Example: Wire Rope Isolator Nonlinear Characterization	143
13.6.7 Illustrative Example: ISS P5 Modal Test	144
13.7 Experimental Modal Analysis (EMA)	144
13.7.1 Preliminary Experimental Modal Analysis (ISPE Modal Test, 2016)	145
13.7.2 Overview of the Simultaneous Frequency Domain (SFD) Method	146
13.7.3 ISS P5 Modal Test Experimental Modal Analysis	148
13.7.4 IS PE Modal Test Experimental Modal Analysis	149
13.8 Systematic Test Analysis Correlation	149
13.8.1 Derivation of Mass Weighted Test-Analysis Correlation Metrics	149
13.8.2 NASA and USAF Space Command Test-Analisis Correlation Standards	150
13.8.3 ISS P5 Test-Analysis Correlation	150
13.8.4 ISPE Test-Analysis Correlation (Using Pre-test Fem Data)	152
13.9 Reconciliation of Finite Element Models and Test Data	152
13.9.1 Modal Sensitivity and Structural Dynamics Modification	153
13.9.2 Residual Mode Augmentation (RMA) for Dispersed Alterations	153
13.9.3 RMA Solution Qualities	154
13.9.4 Test-Analysis Reconciliation Using Cost Function Optimization	154
13.9.5 ISS-P5 Test-Analysis Reconciliation	155
13.9.6 Wire Rope Isolator Nonlinear System Identification	156
13.10 Conclusions	159
References	159
14 Roadmap for a Highly Improved Modal Test Process	161
14.1 Introduction	161
14.2 Nomenclature	162
14.3 The Simultaneous Frequency Domain (SFD) Method	162
14.3.1 The SFD Method Prior to 2018	163
14.3.2 SFD 2018: A Fresh Look at Experimental Modal Analysis	164
14.3.3 ISPE Experimental Modal Analysis (EMA)	164
14.3.4 ISPE Test-Analysis Correlation (Using Conventional Metrics)	167
14.3.5 ISPE Test-Analysis Correlation (Using Left-Hand Eigenvectors)	168
14.4 The Roadmap for a Highly Improved Modal Test Process	170
14.5 Conclusions	173
References	174
15 Using Low-Cost “Garage Band” Recording Technology for Acquiring High Resolution High-Speed Data	175
15.1 Background and Approach	175
15.2 Design	176
15.3 Characterization of Performance	177
15.4 Special Considerations	179
15.5 Conclusions	182
References	183
16 Hybrid Slab Systems in High-rises for More Sustainable Design	184
16.1 Introduction	184
16.2 Method Validation	185
16.3 Case Study	187
16.4 Results	188
16.5 Conclusion	190
References	190
17 Ground Vibration Testing of the World's Longest Wingspan Aircraft—Stratolaunch	191
Acronyms	191
17.1 Introduction	191
17.2 Phase 1: Empennage	192
17.3 Phase 2: Aileron and Engine	195
17.4 Phase 3: Full-Scale Aircraft	198
17.5 Summary	201
References	202
18 Using Recorded Data to Improve SRS Test Development	203
18.1 Introduction	203
18.2 Examples of Standard Synthetic Waverforms	203
18.3 Using Field-recorded Data	205
18.4 Comparing Waveforms	205
18.5 Comparing the Modified User Waveform with an Original Real-World Recording	205
18.6 Conclusion	206
19 Distributed Acquisition and Processing Network for Experimental Vibration Testing of Aero-Engine Structures	207
19.1 Introduction	207
19.2 System Concept	207
19.3 Node Architecture	208
19.4 Initial Trial Setup	209
19.5 Conclusion	210
References	210
20 Modal Test of the NASA Mobile Launcher at Kennedy Space Center	211
20.1 Introduction and Motivation	211
20.2 Mobile Launcher	212
20.3 Modal Instrumentation	212
20.4 Modal Excitation – Shaker Test Fixtures	213
20.5 Modal Excitation – Impact Drop Tower	215
20.6 Modal Response – Accelerometers	216
20.7 Test Control Center	216
20.8 Test Plan and Data Acquisition Parameters	218
20.9 Test Configuration	219
20.10 Test Results	220
20.11 Recommendations	223
20.12 Conclusions	225
References	226
21 Using Deep-Learning Approach to Detect Anomalous Vibrations of Press Working Machine	227
21.1 Background	227
21.2 Methodology	228
21.3 Dataset	228
21.4 Experiment	229
21.5 Conclusion	229
Reference	230
22 DAQ Evaluation and Specifications for Pyroshock Testing	231
22.1 Introduction	231
22.2 Background	232
22.2.1 TEST 1: Change in the Voltage (Slew Rate)	233
22.2.2 TEST 2: Sine Sweep	233
22.2.3 TEST 3: Short-Input Noise	234
22.3 Analysis	234
22.3.1 TEST 1: Change in Voltage (Slew Rate)	234
22.3.2 TEST 2: Sine Sweep	235
22.3.3 TEST 3: Short-Input Noise	236
22.3.4 Conclusion	236
References	237
23 Optimal Replicator Dynamic Controller via Load Balancing and Neural Dynamics for Semi-Active Vibration Control of Isolated Highway Bridge Structures	238
23.1 Introduction	238
23.1.1 Background	239
23.2 Analysis	239
23.3 Conclusion	239
References	241
24 Forcing Function Estimation for Space System Rollout	242
24.1 Introduction	242
24.2 Data Processing Steps	244
24.2.1 Overview of Data Processing Steps	244
Step #0 – Set Input Parameters and Filter Data	245
Step #1 – Calculate Rigid Body Modes	246
Step #2 – Remove Rigid Body Contribution from Original Data	246
Step #3 – Determine Basis Vectors for Residual Flexible Body Data	247
Step #4 – Determine SWAT Weight Matrix and CG Acceleration	247
Step #5 – Define CG Forces, Below-JEL Transformation, and Below-JEL Forces	248
Step #6 – Define Below-JEL Null Space Transformation Vectors for Below-JEL Flex Forces	249
Step #7 – Scale 12 Below-JEL Accelerations with Assumed Mass at Each Corner	250
Step #8 – Estimate Total Below-JEL Forces	250
Step #9 – Alternative Estimation of Total Below-JEL Forces	251
Step #10 – Determine FRF Between Total Below-JEL Forces and Original Data	252
Step #11 – Iterate Using Inverse FRF	254
Step #12 – Iterate Using Assumed Residual Basis	255
Step #13 – Final Averaged FRF	255
24.2.2 Initial Recommended Approach	255
24.3 Analytical Example	255
24.3.1 Success Criteria	255
24.3.2 Data Set and Processing Description	256
24.3.3 Results and Discussion	256
24.4 Experimental Example	262
24.4.1 Data Set and Processing Description	262
24.4.2 Results and Discussion	262
24.5 Future Work	265
24.6 Conclusion	268
A Appendix A: Hardware and Data Background	268
A.1 Crawler-Transporter (CT) Hardware	268
A.2 Crawler-Transporter (CT) Sensor Suite	269
A.3 STS Mobile Launch Platform and Sensor Suite	269
References	275

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