| Preface |
6 |
| Contents |
7 |
| 1 Stimulus-Responsive Interfacial Chemistry in CNT/Polymer Nanocomposites |
10 |
| 1.1 Introduction |
10 |
| 1.2 Experimental Methods |
11 |
| 1.2.1 Functionalization of CNT Films |
11 |
| 1.2.2 Fabrication and UV Treatment of Layered Composites |
11 |
| 1.2.3 Experimental Characterization |
12 |
| 1.3 Results and Discussion |
12 |
| 1.3.1 Characterization of CNT Functionalization |
13 |
| 1.3.2 Photoreaction of Benzophenone |
14 |
| 1.3.3 Mechanical Behavior of CNT/PDMS Nanocomposites |
14 |
| 1.4 Conclusion |
16 |
| References |
16 |
| 2 Devulcanized Rubber Based Composite Design Reinforced with Nano Silica, Graphene Nano Platelets (GnPs) and Epoxy for “Aircraft Wing Spar” to Withstand Bending Moment |
18 |
| 2.1 Introduction |
18 |
| 2.2 Experimental Conditions |
19 |
| 2.2.1 Materials Processing |
19 |
| 2.2.2 Mechanical, Microstructure, Fracture Surface Analyses and Shore-D Hardness Measurements |
20 |
| 2.2.3 Wear Resistance (Scratch Test) and Damage Analysis Via 3D Optical Roughness Meter |
21 |
| 2.3 Results and Discussions |
21 |
| 2.3.1 Microstructural Evaluation of the Composites |
21 |
| 2.3.2 Three Point Bending Tests and Fracture Surface Observation |
21 |
| 2.3.3 Drop Weight Testing |
24 |
| 2.3.4 Damage Analysis by Means of Micro Scratch Test and 3D Optical Surface Roughness Meter |
25 |
| 2.3.5 Numerical Approach for These Composites |
25 |
| 2.4 Conclusion |
30 |
| References |
30 |
| 3 Study of Mechanical Characteristics of Banana and Jute Fiber Reinforced Polyester Composites |
32 |
| 3.1 Introduction |
32 |
| 3.2 Materials and Methodology |
33 |
| 3.2.1 Materials |
33 |
| 3.2.2 Methodology |
34 |
| 3.3 Results and Discussions |
34 |
| 3.3.1 Tensile Strength Test |
34 |
| 3.3.2 Flexural Strength Test |
35 |
| 3.4 Conclusions |
37 |
| References |
38 |
| 4 Toughening Mechanism in Epoxy Resin Modified Recycled Rubber Based Composites Reinforced with Gamma-Alumina, Graphene and CNT |
39 |
| 4.1 Introduction |
39 |
| 4.2 Experimental Conditions |
40 |
| 4.2.1 Materials Processing |
40 |
| 4.2.2 Microstructure: Fracture Surface Analyses and Shore-D Hardness Measurements |
41 |
| 4.2.3 Wear Resistance (Scratch Test) and Damage Analysis Via 3D Optical Roughness Meter |
41 |
| 4.3 Results and Discussions |
42 |
| 4.3.1 Microstructure of the Composites |
42 |
| 4.3.2 Three Point Bending Tests and Fracture Surface Observation |
42 |
| 4.3.2.1 Flexural Testing and Fracture Toughness Determination |
42 |
| 4.3.3 Charpy Impact Testing |
45 |
| 4.3.4 Damage Analysis by Means of Scratch Test and 3d Optical Roughness Meter |
45 |
| 4.4 Conclusion |
45 |
| References |
47 |
| 5 AlSi10Mg Nanocomposites Prepared by DMLS Using In-Situ CVD Growth of CNTs: Process Effects and Mechanical Characterization |
48 |
| 5.1 Introduction |
48 |
| 5.2 Experimental Procedure |
49 |
| 5.2.1 CVD Growth of CNTs on AlSi10Mg Powders |
49 |
| 5.2.2 DMLS of Specimens and Heat Treatment |
49 |
| 5.2.3 Tensile Experiments |
50 |
| 5.3 Results and Discussion |
51 |
| 5.3.1 Tensile Test Results |
51 |
| 5.3.2 SEM Analysis of Failure Surface |
51 |
| 5.4 Conclusion |
52 |
| References |
53 |
| 6 Optimization of Surface Integrity of Titanium-Aluminum Intermetallic Composite Machined by Wire EDM |
54 |
| 6.1 Introduction |
54 |
| 6.2 Experimental Procedure |
55 |
| 6.2.1 Equipment, Materials and Measurement |
55 |
| 6.2.2 Wire Electric Discharge Machining Process and Cutting Parameters |
55 |
| 6.2.3 Influence of Cutting Parameters on the Surface Roughness |
57 |
| 6.3 Statistical Analysis |
60 |
| 6.4 Conclusion |
63 |
| References |
63 |
| 7 Design of Cost Effective Epoxy + Scrap Rubber Based Composites Reinforced with Titanium Dioxide and Alumina Fibers |
65 |
| 7.1 Introduction |
65 |
| 7.2 Experimental Conditions |
66 |
| 7.2.1 Materials Processing |
66 |
| 7.2.2 Experimental Procedure |
67 |
| 7.3 Results and Discussions |
67 |
| 7.3.1 Microstructure of the Composites |
67 |
| 7.3.2 Three Point Bending Tests and Fracture Surface Observation |
67 |
| 7.3.3 Time Dependent Behaviour by Means of NanoIndentation |
69 |
| 7.3.4 Wear Testing by Nanoindentation |
70 |
| 7.4 Conclusions |
70 |
| References |
72 |
| 8 Reinforcement of Recycled Rubber Based Composite with Nano-Silica and Graphene Hybrid Fillers |
73 |
| 8.1 Introduction |
73 |
| 8.2 Experimental Conditions |
74 |
| 8.2.1 Materials Processing |
74 |
| 8.2.2 Microstructure: Fracture Surface Analyses and Shore-D Hardness Measurements |
75 |
| 8.2.3 Wear Resistance (Scratch Test) and Damage Analysis via 3D Optical Roughness Meter |
75 |
| 8.3 Results and Discussions |
76 |
| 8.3.1 Microstructure of the Composites |
76 |
| 8.3.2 Three Point Bending Tests and Fracture Surface Observation |
76 |
| 8.3.2.1 Flexural Testing and Fracture Toughness Determination |
76 |
| 8.3.3 Charpy Impact Testing |
79 |
| 8.3.4 Damage Analysis by Means of Scratch Test and 3d Optical Roughness Meter |
79 |
| 8.4 Conclusion |
79 |
| References |
81 |
| 9 Testing the 2-3 Shear Strength of Unidirectional Composite |
83 |
| 9.1 Introduction |
83 |
| 9.2 Experimental Methodology |
84 |
| 9.3 Results |
86 |
| 9.4 Analysis & Discussion |
87 |
| 9.5 Conclusions |
89 |
| References |
90 |
| 10 Nondestructive Damage Detection of a Magentostricive Composite Structure |
91 |
| 10.1 Introduction |
91 |
| 10.2 Preliminary Results |
92 |
| 10.3 Conclusion |
93 |
| References |
93 |
| 11 Thermo-Mechanical Properties of Thermoset Polymers and Composites Fabricated by Frontal Polymerization |
94 |
| References |
96 |
| 12 Design of Magnetic Aluminium (AA356) Composites (AMCs) Reinforced with Nano Fe3O4, and Recycled Nickel: Copper Particles |
97 |
| 12.1 Introduction |
97 |
| 12.2 Experimental Conditions |
98 |
| 12.3 Results and Discussion |
99 |
| 12.3.1 Microstructural Evaluation of the Composites |
99 |
| 12.3.2 Evaluation of Magnetic Properties for A356-I, II, III, IV |
99 |
| 12.3.3 Static Compression Test Results and Micro Hardness Measurements |
99 |
| 12.3.4 Wear Resistance by Scratch Test |
102 |
| 12.4 Conclusions |
102 |
| References |
103 |
| 13 Reinforcement Effect of Nano Fe3O4 and Nb2Al on the Mechanical and Physical Properties of Cu-Al Based Composites |
105 |
| 13.1 Introduction |
105 |
| 13.2 Experimental Conditions |
106 |
| 13.3 Results and Discussion |
107 |
| 13.3.1 Microstructure and Mapping Analyses of the Compositions Produced by “Sinter+ Forging Process |
107 |
| 13.3.2 Macro Wear (Scratch Test) Results |
107 |
| 13.3.3 Nano Wear Testing Results Obtained by Nanoindentation |
108 |
| 13.3.4 Static Compression Test Results and Micro Hardness Measurements |
109 |
| 13.4 Evaluation of Magnetic Properties for CAF2 Produced with “Sinter + Forging” Process |
110 |
| 13.5 Conclusions |
111 |
| References |
111 |
| 14 Recycled Ti-17 Based Composite Design; Optimization Process Parameters in Wire Cut Electrical Discharge Machining (WEDM) |
113 |
| 14.1 Introduction |
113 |
| 14.2 Experimental Procedure |
114 |
| 14.2.1 Equipment, Materials and Measurement |
114 |
| 14.2.2 Wire Electric Discharge Machining Process and Cutting Parameters |
114 |
| 14.2.3 Influence of Machining Parameters on Performance of WEDM Process |
117 |
| 14.2.3.1 Influence of Machining Parameters on Kerf Width |
117 |
| 14.2.3.2 Influence of Machining Parameters on Material Removal Rate MRR |
117 |
| 14.3 Statistical Analysis |
122 |
| 14.4 Conclusions |
127 |
| References |
128 |
| 15 Alternative Composite Design from Recycled Aluminum Chips for Mechanical Pin-Joint (Knuckle) Applications |
130 |
| 15.1 Introduction |
130 |
| 15.2 Experimental Conditions |
131 |
| 15.2.1 Materials Processing |
131 |
| 15.3 Results and Discussions |
131 |
| 15.3.1 Microstructure and Mapping Analyses of the Three Compositions Produced by “Sintering” and “Sinter+ Forging Process” |
131 |
| 15.3.2 Mapping Analyses of the Three Compositions Produced by Sinter+ Forging Process |
133 |
| 15.3.3 Static Compression Test Results |
133 |
| 15.3.4 Low Velocity or Dynamic Compression (Drop Weight) Test Results |
135 |
| 15.3.5 Wear (Scratch) Test Results |
136 |
| 15.4 Conclusions |
136 |
| References |
138 |
| 16 Manufacturing of Copper Based Composites Reinforced with Ceramics and Hard Intermetallics for Applications of Electric Motor Repair Parts |
139 |
| 16.1 Introduction |
139 |
| 16.2 Experimental Conditions |
140 |
| 16.3 Results and Discussions |
141 |
| 16.3.1 Microstructure and Mapping Analyses of the Compositions Produced by “Sinter + Forging Process” |
141 |
| 16.3.2 Wear (Scratch) Test Results |
141 |
| 16.4 Conclusion |
143 |
| References |
146 |
| 17 Damping and Toughening Effect of the Reinforcements on the Epoxy Modified Recycled + Devulcanized Rubber Based Composites |
148 |
| 17.1 Introduction |
148 |
| 17.2 Experimental Conditions |
149 |
| 17.2.1 Materials Processing |
149 |
| 17.2.2 Microstructure: Fracture Surface Analyses and Shore-D Hardness Measurements |
150 |
| 17.2.3 Damage Analysis by Means of Scratch Test and 3D Optical Roughness Meter |
150 |
| 17.3 Results and Discussions |
150 |
| 17.3.1 Specimens and Microstructure Analyses of the Composites |
150 |
| 17.3.2 Three Point Bending (3PB) Test Results and Fracture Surface Observation |
151 |
| 17.3.2.1 Flexural Testing and Fracture Toughness Determination |
152 |
| 17.3.3 Charpy Impact Testing |
153 |
| 17.3.4 Wear Resistance by Scratch Test and Damage Analyses by Means of 3D Optical Roughness Meter |
153 |
| 17.4 Conclusion |
155 |
| References |
158 |
| 18 Impact and Post-impact Behavior of Composite Laminates Reinforced by Z-Pins |
160 |
| 18.1 Introduction |
160 |
| 18.2 Materials and Testing Methods |
161 |
| 18.3 Impact and CAI Tests |
162 |
| 18.4 Results |
163 |
| 18.5 Conclusions |
167 |
| References |
167 |
| 19 Layered Jamming Multifunctional Actuators |
169 |
| 19.1 Introduction |
169 |
| 19.2 Designing and Manufacturing Layered Multifunctional Materials |
170 |
| 19.3 Modeling Structural Response of Soft Actuator with Jamming Layers |
171 |
| 19.4 Layered Jamming Multifunctional Actuators |
172 |
| 19.4.1 Layered Jamming Structure |
172 |
| 19.4.2 Prototype for a Layered Jamming Multifunctional Actuator |
173 |
| 19.4.3 Layered Jamming for Multi-mode Control of Extension and Bending for Soft Actuators |
175 |
| 19.4.4 Integration of Layered Jamming Actuators in a Robot: ArmadilloBot |
177 |
| 19.5 Conclusions |
177 |
| References |
178 |
| 20 2D Microscale Observations of Interlaminar Transverse Tensile Fracture in Carbon/Epoxy Composites |
180 |
| 20.1 Introduction |
180 |
| 20.2 Experimental Methodology |
180 |
| 20.3 Results and Discussion |
181 |
| 20.4 Conclusion |
182 |
| References |
182 |
| 21 Electro-Mechanical Response of Polymer Bonded Surrogate Energetic Materials with Carbon Nanotube Sensing Networks for Structural Health Monitoring Applications |
183 |
| Nomenclature |
183 |
| 21.1 Introduction |
184 |
| 21.2 Experimental Setup |
184 |
| 21.2.1 Materials Selection |
184 |
| 21.2.2 Fabrication |
185 |
| 21.2.3 Test Apparatus and Procedure |
185 |
| 21.3 Results and Discussion |
187 |
| 21.3.1 Visual Fracture Analysis |
187 |
| 21.3.2 Piezoresistive Sensing |
188 |
| 21.4 Conclusion |
190 |
| References |
190 |
| 22 Strength and Energy Absorption Capability of Porous Magnesium Composites Reinforced by Carbon Nanofibers |
192 |
| 22.1 Introduction |
192 |
| 22.2 Experimental Methods |
192 |
| 22.3 Results and Discussion |
193 |
| 22.4 Conclusion |
196 |
| References |
197 |
| 23 Mechanical Characterization of Open Cell Aluminum Foams Using X-ray Computed Tomography |
198 |
| 23.1 Introduction |
198 |
| 23.2 Experimental Methods |
198 |
| 23.3 Results and Discussion |
199 |
| 23.4 Conclusions |
200 |
| References |
200 |
| 24 Damage Detection and Visco-Elastic Property Characterization of Composite Aerospace Panels Using Ultrasonic Guided Waves |
201 |
| 24.1 Introduction |
201 |
| 24.2 Problem Statement and Approach |
201 |
| 24.3 Characterization |
202 |
| 24.4 Inspection |
203 |
| 24.5 Conclusions |
204 |
| References |
204 |
| 25 Microscale Investigation of Transverse Tensile Failure of Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites |
205 |
| 25.1 Introduction |
205 |
| 25.2 Specimen Preparation and Experimental Methods |
205 |
| 25.3 Results and Discussion |
206 |
| 25.4 Conclusions |
208 |
| References |
208 |
| 26 Optimization of Kerf Quality During CO2 Laser Cutting of Titanium Alloy Sheet Ti-6Al-4V and Pure Titanium Ti |
209 |
| 26.1 Introduction |
209 |
| 26.2 Experimental Work |
210 |
| 26.3 Design of Experiment |
210 |
| 26.4 Results and Discussion |
211 |
| 26.5 Kerf Width Optimization |
213 |
| 26.6 Conclusion |
215 |
| References |
215 |
| 27 A Study of the Surface Integrity of Titanium Alloy Ti-6Al-4V in the AbrasiveWater Jet Machining Process |
216 |
| 27.1 Introduction |
216 |
| 27.2 Materials and Experimental Set-Up |
217 |
| 27.3 Results and Discussions |
218 |
| 27.3.1 Microstructure of Cut Edge |
218 |
| 27.3.2 Surface Roughness Analysis |
219 |
| 27.4 Analyzing and Evaluating Results of the Experiments Using Taguchi Method |
220 |
| 27.5 Conclusion |
222 |
| References |
222 |
| 28 Process Reliability of Abrasive Water Jet to Cut Shapes of the Titanium Alloy Ti-6Al-4V |
224 |
| 28.1 Introduction |
224 |
| 28.2 Experimental Setup |
225 |
| 28.2.1 Material Work |
225 |
| 28.2.2 Worpiece to Cut |
226 |
| 28.2.3 Experiments Machine |
226 |
| 28.2.4 Variables Parameters and Factors Studied |
226 |
| 28.3 Surface Morphology |
227 |
| 28.4 Kerf Width Analysis |
228 |
| 28.5 Results Kerf Analysis Using Taguchi Method |
229 |
| 28.6 Conclusions |
231 |
| References |
231 |
| 29 Optimization of the High Energy Milling Process of Chips of a Stainless Steel Using the Response Surface Modeling |
232 |
| 29.1 Introduction |
232 |
| 29.2 Experimental Conditions |
233 |
| 29.2.1 Materials and Process Used in this Work |
233 |
| 29.2.2 Experimental Procedure |
233 |
| 29.2.3 Structural Characterization |
233 |
| 29.3 Results and Discussion |
234 |
| 29.4 Conclusion |
236 |
| References |
237 |
| 30 Iron Contents on Recycle Aluminum and Influence on Mechanical Properties |
238 |
| 30.1 Introduction |
238 |
| 30.2 Experimental Procedure |
238 |
| 30.3 Results and Discussion |
239 |
| 30.4 Conclusions |
241 |
| References |
242 |
| 31 Experimental Comparison of the Microstructure and Surface Roughness in CO2 Laser Cutting of the Titanium Alloy Ti–6Al–4V and the Pure Titanium Ti |
243 |
| 31.1 Introduction |
243 |
| 31.2 Experimental Research |
244 |
| 31.3 Experimental Results |
245 |
| 31.3.1 Cut Edge Microstructure Analysis for Titanium Alloy Ti-6Al-4V and Pure Titanium Ti |
245 |
| 31.3.2 Roughness Analysis for Titanium Alloy Ti-6Al-4V and Pure Titanium Ti |
247 |
| 31.4 Conclusion |
248 |
| References |
248 |
| 32 Influence of Crumb Rubber Reinforcement on the Properties of Medium Density Fiberboard |
250 |
| 32.1 Introduction |
250 |
| 32.2 Materials and Methodology |
251 |
| 32.2.1 Density Measurements |
251 |
| 32.2.2 Compression Experiments |
251 |
| 32.2.3 Flexural Experiments |
252 |
| 32.2.4 Moisture Absorption Tests |
253 |
| 32.2.5 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy |
253 |
| 32.3 Results and Discussion |
253 |
| 32.3.1 Density |
253 |
| 32.3.2 Mechanical Properties |
253 |
| 32.3.3 Moisture Absorption |
255 |
| 32.3.4 SEM Analysis |
256 |
| 32.3.5 Fourier Transform Infrared Analysis |
256 |
| 32.4 Conclusion |
256 |
| References |
257 |
| 33 Sub-components of Wind Turbine Blades: Proof of a Novel Trailing Edge Testing Concept |
259 |
| 33.1 Introduction |
259 |
| 33.2 Methodology |
260 |
| 33.2.1 Testing Concept |
260 |
| 33.2.2 Models |
260 |
| 33.2.3 Experimental |
261 |
| 33.2.3.1 Setup |
261 |
| 33.2.3.2 Specimen Preparation |
261 |
| 33.2.3.3 Measurement Equipment |
262 |
| 33.3 Experimental Results and Model Validation |
263 |
| 33.3.1 Geometry Comparison |
263 |
| 33.3.2 Strain Response Along the Trailing Edge |
263 |
| 33.3.3 Strain Response Across the Target Cross-section |
264 |
| 33.3.4 Displacement Response |
265 |
| 33.4 Conclusions |
266 |
| References |
266 |
| 34 Toughening Mechanisms on Recycled Rubber Modified Epoxy Based Composites Reinforced with Alumina Fibers |
267 |
| 34.1 Introduction |
267 |
| 34.2 Experimental Procedure |
268 |
| 34.2.1 Material Processing |
268 |
| 34.2.2 Experimental Procedure |
268 |
| 34.3 Results and Discussions |
269 |
| 34.3.1 Microstructure of the Composites and Surface Hardness |
269 |
| 34.3.2 Dynamic Mechanical Analysis |
270 |
| 34.3.3 Bending Tests and Fracture Toughness Determination |
271 |
| 34.4 Conclusion |
273 |
| References |
273 |
| 35 Toughening Mechanisms on Recycled Rubber Modified Epoxy Based Composites Reinforced with Graphene Nanoplatelets |
275 |
| 35.1 Introduction |
275 |
| 35.2 Experimental Procedure |
276 |
| 35.2.1 Composite Manufacturing |
276 |
| 35.2.2 Experimental Procedures |
277 |
| 35.3 Results and Discussions |
277 |
| 35.3.1 Microstructure of the Composites and Surface Hardness |
277 |
| 35.3.2 Bending Tests and Fracture Toughness Determination |
278 |
| 35.3.3 Time Dependent Behaviour by Means of Nano-indentation |
279 |
| 35.4 Conclusion |
281 |
| References |
282 |
| 36 Damage Accumulation in CMCs |
283 |
| 36.1 Introduction |
283 |
| 36.2 Experimental Method and Materials |
284 |
| References |
284 |
| 37 Investigating Intralaminar Crack Growth in Biaxially Stressed Composites |
285 |
| References |
286 |
| 38 Determination of Stress Free Temperature in Composite Laminates for Residual Stress Modeling |
287 |
| References |
290 |
| 39 Calibration of a Simple Rate Dependent Elastic-Plastic Constitutive Model for a Toughened Carbon Epoxy Composite System |
291 |
| References |
293 |
| 40 Imaging the Life-Cycle of CMCs Using High-Resolution X-Ray Computed Tomography |
294 |
| 40.1 Introduction |
294 |
| 40.2 Experimental Methods |
294 |
| 40.3 Results and Discussion |
295 |
| 40.4 Conclusion |
296 |
| References |
297 |
| 41 Effect of Process Induced Residual Stress on Interlaminar Fracture Toughness on Hybrid Composites |
298 |
| References |
300 |
| 42 Analysis of Interfaces in AA7075/ Recycled WC Particles Composites Produced via Liquid Route |
302 |
| 42.1 Introduction |
302 |
| 42.2 Experimental Procedures |
303 |
| 42.3 Results and Discussions |
304 |
| 42.3.1 Microstructure of the Composites. |
304 |
| 42.3.2 SEM and EDS Microanalyses of the Composites |
306 |
| 42.3.3 Phenomena Involved in the Formation of the Reaction Layer. |
309 |
| 42.4 Conclusions |
310 |
| References |
310 |
| 43 Investigation on Microstructure and Interfaces in Graded FE50007 / WC CompositesProduced by Casting |
312 |
| 43.1 Introduction |
312 |
| 43.2 Experimental Procedures |
313 |
| 43.3 Results and Discussions |
314 |
| 43.3.1 General Results |
314 |
| 43.3.2 Microstructure in the Hammer Body |
314 |
| 43.3.3 Microstructure in the Hammer Head: Striking Surface |
315 |
| 43.3.4 Preliminary Evaluation of Wear Behaviour of the Developed Crusher |
318 |
| 43.4 Conclusions |
319 |
| References |
320 |
| 44 In-Situ Imaging of Flexure-Induced Fracture in Fiber-Reinforced Composites Using High-Resolution X-Ray Computed Tomography |
321 |
| 44.1 Introduction |
321 |
| 44.2 Experimental Methodology |
321 |
| 44.3 Results and Discussion |
323 |
| 44.4 Conclusions |
323 |
| References |
324 |