88 K. Mac Donald and G. Ravichandran 13.4 Conclusions Confocal microscopy offers an alternative method to neutron and X-ray diffraction for capturing volumetric 3D images of granular mechanics experiments. Although there are some drawbacks to the method, it shows promise for analysis of both continuous and granular materials. In particular, we hope to advance experimental methods in the study of intergranular force chains and shear bands. Acknowledgements The project depicted is sponsored by the Department of the Defense, Defense Threat Reduction Agency (HDTRA1-120041). The content of the information does not necessarily reflect the position or the policy of the federal government, and no official endorsement should be inferred. This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship under Grant No. DGE-1144469. Imaging was performed in the Biological Imaging Facility, with the support of the Caltech Beckman Institute and the Arnold and Mabel Beckman Foundation. References 1. Drescher, A., de Josselin de Jong, G.: Photoelastic verification of a mechanical model for the flow of a granular material. J. Mech. Phys. Solids. 20(5), 337–340 (1972) 2. Hurley, R.C., et al.: Dynamic inter-particle force inference in granular materials: method and application. Exp. Mech. 56(2), 217–229 (2016) 3. Hall, S.A., et al.: Discrete and continuum analysis of localised deformation in sand using X-ray CT and volumetric digital image correlation. Géotechnique. 60, 315–322 (2010) 4. Hall, S.A., et al.: Can intergranular force transmission be identified in sand? Granul. Matter. 13(3), 251–254 (2011) 5. Franck, C., et al.: Three-dimensional traction force microscopy: a new tool for quantifying cell-matrix interactions. PLoS One. 6(3), e17833 (2011) 6. Franck, C., et al.: Three-dimensional full-field measurements of large deformations in soft materials using confocal microscopy and digital volume correlation. Exp. Mech. 47(3), 427–438 (2007) 7. Hurley, R., et al.: Extracting inter-particle forces in opaque granular materials: beyond photoelasticity. J. Mech. Phys. Solids. 63, 154–166 (2014) Kimberley Mac Donald is currently a PhD student at Caltech studying mechanical engineering. She earned her Bachelor of Science in Architectural Engineering and Master of Science in Civil Engineering from the University of Miami, Florida. Her research focuses on experimental methods in granular and fracture mechanics.
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