Composite, Hybrid, and Multifunctional Materials, Volume 4

Preface	6
Contents	8
Chapter 1: Characterizing the Mechanical Response of a Biocomposite Using the Grid Method	10
1.1 Introduction	10
1.2 Applying the Grid Method to Measure Displacement and Strain Maps	11
1.3 Description of the Tested Material	11
1.4 Surface Preparation	11
1.5 Specimens, Testing Conditions	12
1.6 Results	12
1.7 Conclusion	13
References	14
Chapter 2: Preliminary Study on the Production of Open Cells Aluminum Foam by Using Organic Sugar as Space Holders	15
2.1 Introduction	15
2.2 Experimental Conditions	16
2.2.1 Materials and Green Compact	16
2.2.1.1 Sintering	16
2.2.1.2 Measurements of the Density and Porosity of the Compacted Specimens Before and After Sintering	16
2.2.1.3 Mechanical Tests and Microstructural Analyzes	16
2.3 Results and Discussion	17
2.4 Conclusion	21
References	21
Chapter 3: Characterization of Shear Horizontal-Piezoelectric Wafer Active Sensor (SH-PWAS)	22
3.1 Introduction	23
3.2 Theoretical Models of SH-PWAS Impedance Spectroscopy	23
3.2.1 SH-PWAS Sensing and Actuation Constitutive Relations	24
3.2.2 Free SH-PWAS Electro-mechanical Impedance and Admittance	24
3.2.2.1 Analytical Modeling Based on Constant Electric Field E3	24
3.2.2.2 Analytical Modeling Based on Constant Electric Displacement D3	25
3.2.3 Bonded SH-PWAS Analytical Model	26
3.2.3.1 Axial and Flexural Response Solution	26
3.2.3.2 Shear Horizontal Response Solution	28
3.3 FEM and Experimental Validation of SH-PWAS Impedance Response	29
3.3.1 Free SH-PWAS FEM	29
3.3.2 Constrained SH-PWAS Models	30
3.3.3 Experiments and Comparison with Predictive Models	31
3.4 SH-PWAS for Composites SHM	33
3.4.1 Materials	33
3.4.2 Predictive FEM and Comparison with Experiments	33
3.5 Summary and Conclusions	34
References	34
Chapter 4: Elastic Properties of CYCOM 5320-1/T650 at Elevated Temperatures Using Response Surface Methodology	36
4.1 Introduction	36
4.2 Design of Experiments (DOE) Approach	37
4.3 Experimental Method	38
4.3.1 Material Description	38
4.3.2 Specimen Fabrication Process	38
4.3.3 Testing Procedure	38
4.4 Results	38
4.4.1 Experimental	38
4.4.2 Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)	40
4.4.3 Response Surface Models (RSMs)	40
4.5 Discussion	43
4.6 Summary and Conclusion	43
References	43
Chapter 5: Coupon-Based Qualification of Bonded Composite Repairs for Pressure Equipment	45
5.1 Introduction	45
5.2 Experimental Methods	46
5.2.1 Specimen Manufacture	46
5.2.2 Fracture Testing	47
5.2.3 Full Scale Testing	47
5.3 Model	47
5.4 Results	48
5.4.1 Specimen Calibration	48
5.4.2 Fracture Testing	48
5.5 Discussion	49
5.5.1 Comparison of Predicted Failure Pressure	50
5.6 Conclusions	50
References	51
Chapter 6: Compression-After-Impact of Sandwich Composite Structures: Experiments and Simulation	52
6.1 Introduction	52
6.2 Sample Materials and Fabrication	52
6.3 Experimental Results	53
6.3.1 Quasi-static Indentation	53
6.3.2 Compression-After-Impact Results	53
6.4 Numerical Modeling	55
6.4.1 Facesheets	55
6.4.2 Explicit Geometry Core	56
6.4.3 Continuum Core	56
6.4.4 Simulation Details	56
6.4.5 QSI Results	57
6.5 Summary	58
References	58
Chapter 7: Compact Fracture Specimen for Characterization of Dental Composites	59
7.1 Introduction	59
7.2 Experimental Method	60
7.2.1 Specimen Design and Rapid Prototyping	60
7.2.2 Fracture Testing	61
7.3 Results and Discussion	61
7.4 Conclusions	62
References	62
Chapter 8: Mechanics of Compliant Multifunctional Robotic Structures	63
8.1 Introduction	63
8.2 Research Approach and Results	64
8.2.1 Fabrication of Multifunctional Robotic Structures	64
8.2.2 Design of Experiments Using DIC and 6 DOF Load Cell	65
8.2.3 Experimental Shape Characterization and Hybrid Numerical Modeling of Forces	65
8.2.4 Modeling Flexible Shapes from Strain Measurements	66
8.3 Conclusions	70
References	70
Chapter 9: In Situ SEM Deformation Behavior Observation at CFRP Fiber-Matrix Interface	71
9.1 Introduction	71
9.2 Uniaxial Tension Test in SEM	72
9.3 Random Pattern for Digital Image Correlation	73
9.4 Experiments	73
9.5 Result of Digital Image Correlation	74
9.6 Conclusion	77
References	77
Chapter 10: High Strain Gradient Measurements in Notched Laminated Composite Panels by Digital Image Correlation	78
10.1 Introduction	78
10.2 Experimental Setup	79
10.2.1 DIC Equipment	79
10.2.2 Sample Preparation	79
10.3 Testing	80
10.4 Theoretical Solutions	80
10.5 Results and Discussions	80
10.6 Summary and Conclusions	83
References	84
Chapter 11: Intermittent Deformation Behavior in Epitaxial Ni-Mn-Ga Films	85
11.1 Introduction	85
11.2 Materials and Methods	86
11.2.1 Material	86
11.2.2 Stress Drop Analysis (SDA)	86
11.2.3 Strain Field Measurement Method	87
11.2.4 Experimental Setup	87
11.3 Results and Discussion	88
11.3.1 Macroscopic Stress-Strain Curve	88
11.3.2 Intermittent Deformation Behavior	88
11.3.3 Macroscopic Strain Field	90
11.4 Conclusions	90
References	91
Chapter 12: Experimental Analysis of Repaired Zones in Composite Structures Using Digital Image Correlation	92
12.1 Introduction	92
12.2 Approach	93
12.3 Experimental Implementation	94
12.4 Representative Test Results	94
12.5 Conclusions	99
References	100
Chapter 13: Mechanics of Curved Pin-Reinforced Composite Sandwich Structures	101
13.1 Introduction	101
13.2 Specimen Fabrication and Experimental Method	102
13.2.1 Specimen Fabrication	102
13.2.2 Experimental Method	102
13.2.3 Finite Element Analysis	103
13.3 Experimental Results	104
13.3.1 Global Flexural Response	104
13.3.2 DIC Measurements for Curved Specimens	105
13.3.3 Failure Mechanism in K-Cor Sandwich Under Different Conditions	105
13.4 Conclusions	107
References	108
Chapter 14: Experimental Investigation of Free-Field Implosion of Filament Wound Composite Tubes	109
14.1 Introduction	109
14.2 Materials	110
14.3 Experimental Methods	110
14.4 Results	111
14.5 Conclusions	114
References	114
Chapter 15: Experimental Investigation of Bend-Twist Coupled Cylindrical Shafts	116
15.1 Introduction	116
15.2 Manufacturing	118
15.3 Testing	118
15.4 Digital Image Correlation	120
15.5 Finite Element Model	121
15.6 Closed-Form	121
15.7 Results	121
15.8 Conclusion	121
References	123
Chapter 16: Processing and Opto-mechanical Characterization of Transparent Glass-Filled Epoxy Particulate Composites	124
16.1 Introduction	124
16.2 Material Processing	124
16.3 Quasi-Static Crack-Initiation Toughness Investigation	125
16.4 Opto-mechanical Characterization	126
16.5 Planned Work: Dynamic Photoelastic Investigation	127
16.6 Summary	127
References	127
Chapter 17: Study of Influence of SiC and Al2O3 as Reinforcement Elements in Elastomeric Matrix Composites	128
17.1 Introduction	128
17.2 Experimental Conditions	129
17.3 Results and Discussion	130
17.3.1 Dynamic Mechanical Thermal Analysis (DMTA)	130
17.3.2 Microindentation Analysis	130
17.3.3 Damage Analysis by Means of Scratch Test and 3D Optical Roughness Meter	133
17.4 Conclusion	136
References	137
Chapter 18: Manufacturing of New Elastomeric Composites: Mechanical Properties, Chemical and Physical Analysis	138
18.1 Introduction	138
18.2 Experimental Conditions	139
18.3 Results and Discussion	140
18.3.1 Vulcanization Characteristics	140
18.3.2 Mechanical Properties Before Aging	141
18.3.3 Mechanical Properties After Aging	142
18.3.4 Hardness-Shore ``A´´ Test Evaluation	143
18.3.5 Dynamic Mechanical Thermal Analysis (DMTA)	143
18.3.6 Microindentation Analysis	144
18.3.7 Damage and Fracture Surface Analysis by Means of Scanning Electron Microscopy	146
18.4 Conclusion	148
References	148
Chapter 19: The Effect of Particles Size on the Thermal Conductivity of Polymer Nanocomposite	150
19.1 Introduction	150
19.2 Material and Specimen Geometry	151
19.3 Experimental Method	151
19.4 Analytical Method	152
19.4.1 Lewis-Nielson (LN) Model	152
19.5 Result and Discussion	153
19.5.1 Effect of Surface Functionalization	153
19.5.2 Variation of Thermal Conductivity with Temperature	154
19.6 Conclusion	155
References	155
Chapter 20: Curing Induced Shrinkage: Measurement and Effect of Micro-/Nano-Modified Resins on Tensile Strengths	156
20.1 Introduction	156
20.2 Specimen Preparation	157
20.2.1 Processing of Micro- and Nano-fillers in Epoxy Resin	157
20.2.2 Experimental Sample Preparation	157
20.3 Experimental Tools and Methodology	158
20.3.1 Volumetric Shrinkage Measurements Using Pycnometer	158
20.3.2 Linear Shrinkage Measurements Using FBG	159
20.4 Experimental Results and Discussion	159
20.4.1 Volumetric Shrinkage of Pristine, Micro- and Nano-Modified Epoxy Resin	159
20.4.2 Residual Strains and Tensile Properties of Pristine and Micro-glass Bubble Modified Epoxy Resin	161
20.5 Conclusions	162
References	162
Chapter 21: Graphene Reinforced Silicon Carbide Nanocomposites: Processing and Properties	163
21.1 Introduction	163
21.2 Material Fabrication	165
21.3 Experimental Procedure	165
21.4 Experimental Results	166
21.4.1 Relative Density and Densification	166
21.4.2 Microstructural Evolution	167
21.4.3 Effect of Graphene Nanoplatelets on Hardness of Nanocomposites	168
21.4.4 Toughening by Graphene Nanoplatelets	169
21.4.5 Thermal Stability of Graphene	171
21.5 Conclusion	173
References	173
Chapter 22: Experimental Investigation of the Effect of CNT Addition on the Strength of CFRP Curved Composite Beams	175
22.1 Introduction	175
22.2 Material	176
22.3 Experimental Method	176
22.4 Results	178
22.5 Conclusions	180
References	182
Chapter 23: Mechanical and Tribological Performance of Aluminium Matrix Composite Reinforced with Nano Iron Oxide (Fe3O4)	183
23.1 Introduction	183
23.2 Experimental Conditions	184
23.3 Results and Discussions	185
23.4 Conclusions	189
References	190
Chapter 24: Particle Templated Graphene-Based Composites with Tailored Electro-mechanical Properties	191
24.1 Introduction	191
24.2 Material and Specimen	192
24.2.1 Material	192
24.2.2 Specimen	192
24.3 Electrical Characterization	193
24.4 Mechanical Characterization	194
24.5 Experimental Results and Discussion	194
24.6 Conclusions	194
References	195
Chapter 25: Novel Hybrid Fastening System with Nano-additive Reinforced Adhesive Inserts	196
25.1 Introduction	196
25.2 Hybrid Bolted Joining Technique and Sample Preparation	197
25.3 Experimental Results and Discussion	198
25.3.1 Hybrid Bolted Joint with SC-15 Insert	198
25.3.2 Hybrid Bolted Joint with Cloisite 30B Modified SC-15 Insert	199
25.4 Conclusions	200
References	201

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