Advancement of Optical Methods in Experimental Mechanics, Volume 3

Preface	6
Contents	8
Chapter 1: The Kinematics of Crystalline Arrays at the Subnanometric Level	11
1.1 Introduction	11
1.2 High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscope Images	12
1.3 The 4HSiC Crystal	14
1.4 HRTEM Image Analysis	15
1.5 Analysis of the Kinematics of the Distorted Region	16
1.6 Analysis of Elementary Cells	20
1.7 Extension of Continuum Kinematics at Inter-atomic Spaces	21
1.8 Discussion and Conclusions	23
References	24
Chapter 2: Comprehensive Theory of Deformation	25
2.1 Introduction	25
2.2 Field Equation and Equation of Motion	26
2.3 Elastic Deformation	27
2.3.1 Three-Dimensional Compressive Elastic Wave	27
2.3.2 One-Dimensional Linear Elastic	28
2.3.3 Rotation Wave	29
2.4 Summary	30
References	30
Chapter 3: Topography of Rough Dielectric Surfaces Utilizing Evanescent Illumination	31
3.1 Introduction	31
3.2 Evanescent Wave´s Solution of Maxwell Equations	32
3.3 Improvement of the Optical Resolution of an Optical Instrument via Evanescent Illumination	33
3.4 Application of Surface Waves to the Study of Surface Roughness Topography	34
3.5 Generation of a Wide Spectrum of Frequencies Due to Interaction Between Evanescent Waves and Rough Surfaces	35
3.6 Analysis of Topography of Rough Surfaces	36
3.7 Alternative Set Up for Surfaces Topography Determination	38
3.8 Analysis of the Observed Image	40
3.9 Information Retrieval from the Recorded Image	42
3.10 Obtained Results	44
3.11 Surface Waves Properties Applied to Contouring of Interfaces Other Than Glass-Air-Metal: Topography of Rough Ceramic Surf...	44
3.12 Optical Set-Ups	46
3.13 Summary and Conclusions	46
References	47
Chapter 4: Strain Assessment in Cracked Sheet Metals by Optical Grid Method	49
4.1 Introduction	49
4.2 Optical Grid Method with Enriched Shape Functions	50
4.3 First Virtual Experiment	52
4.4 Second Virtual Experiment	54
4.5 Conclusions	56
References	56
Chapter 5: A Preliminary Investigation on the Mechanical Behavior of Umbilical Cord With Moiré Techniques	57
5.1 Introduction	57
5.2 Experimental Tests	58
5.3 Experimental Results	59
5.4 Discussion and Conclusions	59
References	61
Chapter 6: Study on the Visco-Hyperelastic Behavior of the Zona Pellucida	63
6.1 Introduction	63
6.2 Materials and Methods	64
6.2.1 Preparation of ZP Samples	64
6.2.2 Atomic Force Spectroscopy Measurements	64
6.2.3 Finite Element Modelling of the Nanoindentation Measurements on Porcine ZPs	65
6.2.4 Visco-Hyperelastic Constitutive Model of the Porcine ZP	66
6.2.5 Optimization-Based Algorithm for Extracting ZP Visco-Hyperelastic Properties	66
6.3 Results	68
6.4 Conclusions	70
References	71
Chapter 7: Data Processing Techniques to Analyze Large 3-D Deformations of Cardiac Cycles	73
7.1 Introduction	73
7.2 Fundamentals of MRI Images Generation	74
7.3 The Image Generation	74
7.4 Basic Physical Law of Magnetic Resonance	75
7.5 Energy Levels and Transitions	76
7.6 Statistic of a Voxel Magnetization	76
7.7 The Pumping System	78
7.8 Voxel Magnetization Measurement	80
7.9 Basic Imaging Principle	80
7.10 Extension of the MRI Encoding Procedure to the 3-D Case	81
7.11 Phase Encoding	82
7.12 Three Dimensional Information Encoding	83
7.13 Echo Magnetic Signal	83
7.14 Location of a Voxel in the XY Plane	84
7.15 Selection of a Slice, Spatial Resolution, Signal Intensity	86
7.16 Tagging Procedure	87
7.17 MRI Basic Hardware	89
7.18 Experimental Determination of 3-D Deformations	90
7.19 Tracking Point Displacements in 3-D	91
7.20 Image Processing	93
7.21 Comparison of the Results of HARP and Digital Moiré	93
7.22 Discussion and Conclusions	96
References	96
Chapter 8: Bi-Directional Displacement Measurement by Speckle Interferometry Immune to Random Vibration	98
8.1 Introduction	98
8.2 Speckle Interferometry with Optimum Image Extraction	99
8.3 Bi-Directional Measurement	100
8.4 Experiment	101
8.5 Results and Discussion	101
8.6 Conclusion	103
References	103
Chapter 9: Design of a Double-Illumination ESPI System for the Measurement of Very Slow Motions	105
9.1 Introduction	105
9.2 Materials and Methods	106
9.3 Results	107
9.4 Discussion	108
9.5 Conclusions	109
References	110
Chapter 10: Multiplexed Holography for Single-Shot Three-Dimensional Shape and Displacement Measurements	111
10.1 Introduction	111
10.2 Methods	112
10.2.1 Single-Frame Multiplexed Holography	112
10.2.2 Experimental System for 3D Displacement Measurements with Multiplexed Holography	113
10.2.3 Registration of Multiplexed Holograms	113
10.3 Results	114
10.4 Conclusions	115
References	115
Chapter 11: Observation of Grain-Size Effect in Serration of Aluminum Alloy	117
11.1 Introduction	117
11.2 Experimental Procedure	118
11.2.1 Specimen	118
11.2.2 Tensile Condition and Optical Set-Up for the ESPI	118
11.3 Result and Discussion	119
11.3.1 Serration Observed in the Specimen with Small Grain	119
11.3.2 Serration Observed in the Specimens with Medium Grain and Large Grain	120
11.4 Summary	123
References	123
Chapter 12: Opto-Acoustic Technique to Investigate Interface of Thin-Film Systems	124
12.1 Introduction	124
12.2 Theoretical Background	125
12.2.1 Elasticity of Film-Substrate Interface	125
12.2.2 Acoustic Frequency of Conventional Ultrasonic Techniques	126
12.2.3 Near Resonance Behavior Knee Data	127
12.3 Experimental	128
12.4 Results and Discussions	129
12.5 Conclusions	132
References	132
Chapter 13: Analysis of Fatigue of Metals by Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometry	133
13.1 Introduction	133
13.2 Experimental Details	134
13.2.1 Specimen and Optical Setup of ESPI	134
13.2.2 Experiment 1: Observation of Displacement Field in Fatigue Test	135
13.2.3 Experiment 2: Observation of Deformation Behavior of Fatigued Specimen in Static Tensile Test	135
13.3 Result and Discussion	136
13.3.1 Experiment 1	136
13.3.2 Experiment 2	136
13.4 Summary	140
References	140
Chapter 14: Simultaneous Application of Acoustic and Optical Techniques to Nondestructive Evaluation	141
14.1 Introduction	141
14.2 Contrasts of Optical and Acoustic Fields	142
14.2.1 Temporal Resolution	142
14.2.2 Spatial Resolution	142
14.2.3 Propagation Property	142
14.2.4 Interactions with Materials	142
14.3 Preliminary Studies and Future Plan	143
14.3.1 Residual Stress Analysis	143
14.3.2 Evaluation of Thin-Film Adhesion Strength	145
14.3.3 Other Possibilities	147
14.4 Summary	148
References	148
Chapter 15: Stress Analysis on Welded Specimen with Multiple Methods	149
15.1 Introduction	149
15.2 Experimental	150
15.3 Results and Discussion	151
15.4 Conclusions	157
References	158
Chapter 16: Sound Attenuation for Dogs Barking Using of Transfer Function Method	159
16.1 Introduction	159
16.2 Experimental Method	160
16.2.1 Experimental Equipment	160
16.2.2 Frequency Characteristics and Sound Level of Dog Barking	160
16.3 Silencer Prototype and Experiment	161
16.3.1 Basic Type of the Silencer (Resonance in Rectangular Chambers with Cylindrical Openings)	161
16.3.2 Attachment of Sheets of Non-woven Fabric	161
16.3.3 Addition of a Tail Pipe to the Opening	162
16.3.4 Addition of Side Branch Tube Silencers on the Same Axis to the Opening	164
16.3.5 Summarizing Sound Attenuation for the Dog Barking Model	165
16.4 Conclusions	165
References	166
Chapter 17: On the Use of Regularized DVC to Analyze Strain Localization	167
17.1 Introduction	167
17.2 Experiment	168
17.2.1 Laminography	168
17.2.2 Material and Experimental Setup	168
17.2.3 Regularized Digital Volume Correlation	168
17.3 Results and Discussion	170
17.3.1 Resolution Analysis	170
17.3.2 Digital Volume Correlation on Raw Scans	170
17.3.3 Regularized Digital Volume Correlation on Raw Scans	170
17.3.4 Regularized Digital Volume Correlation on Filtered Scans	170
17.4 Conclusions	172
References	172
Chapter 18: Determination of Surface Bi-Axial Stresses Using Raman Spectroscopy	173
18.1 Introduction	173
18.2 Experimental	174
18.2.1 Raman Peak-Shift Relation to Residual Stresses	174
18.3 Specimen Preparation	176
18.3.1 Shrink Fit Assembly	176
18.4 DIC on Shaft-Collar Confined Specimens	177
18.5 Results and Discussion	178
18.6 Conclusion	180
References	180
Chapter 19: Visualization and Quantification of Quasi-Static and Dynamic Surface Slopes Using a Reflection-Mode Digital Gradie...	181
19.1 Introduction	181
19.2 Experimental Details	182
19.3 Measurement of Surface Slopes	183
19.4 Estimation of Curvatures	184
19.5 Surface Topography	185
19.6 Dynamic Impact of Thin Plates	185
19.7 Summary	188
References	188
Chapter 20: Analysis of Linear Anisotropic Parameters by Using Hybrid Model in Mueller Optical Coherence Tomography	189
20.1 Introduction	189
20.2 Principle of OCT	190
20.3 Simulation Results	192
20.4 Experimental Results	192
20.5 Conclusions and Discussions	194
References	195
Chapter 21: Characterization of Time-Dependent Mechanical Behaviors of Dental Composites by DIC	196
21.1 Introduction	196
21.2 Materials and Methods	197
21.3 Results and Discussion	198
21.4 Summary	200
References	200
Chapter 22: Deformation Distribution Measurement from Oblique Direction Using Sampling Moire Method	202
22.1 Introduction	202
22.2 Principle of Sampling Moire Method	203
22.2.1 Spatial Fringe Analysis Method Using Sampling Technique	203
22.2.2 Phase Analysis for 2-D Grating Pattern	204
22.2.3 Sampling Moire Camera	204
22.3 Experiment	205
22.3.1 Displacement Measurement Using a Cantilever	205
22.4 Conclusions	209
References	209
Chapter 23: Automatic Stress Measurement by Integrating Photoelasticity and Spectrometry	210
23.1 Introduction	210
23.2 Theory of the Automatic Stress Measurement	211
23.2.1 TEToP [13, 14]	211
23.2.2 Determination of Parameters of Tetop Based on the Regression Analysis	212
23.2.3 Correlation Between Teles	213
23.2.4 Relationship Between SQF and Thickness of Specimen	213
23.3 Experimental Arrangements	214
23.3.1 Experimental Setup	214
23.3.2 Experimental Procedure	215
23.4 Experimental Results and Discussions	215
23.4.1 Results of Teles of PSM-1 Material	215
23.4.2 Results of Teles of Glass Material	217
23.5 Conclusions	219
References	219
Chapter 24: Observation of Fiber-Matrix Interfacial Stresses Using Phase-Stepping Photoelasticity	220
24.1 Introduction	220
24.2 Photoelastic Measurement	221
24.2.1 Phase-Stepping Method	221
24.2.2 Phase-Unwrapping	222
24.2.3 Conversion from 3D to 2D Photoelastic Information	223
24.2.4 Materials Preparation and Experimental Procedure	224
24.2.5 Matrix Stress Field from Photoelastic Analysis	224
24.3 Results and Discussion	225
24.3.1 Shear Stress and Normal Stress Difference	225
24.3.2 Stress Distribution at the Fiber/Matrix Interface	227
24.4 Conclusions	228
References	228
Chapter 25: Stabilizing Heteroscedastic Noise with the Generalized Anscombe Transform: Application to Accurate Prediction of t...	229
25.1 Introduction	229
25.2 Obtaining Displacement and Strain Maps the with Grid Method	230
25.3 Predictive Formulas	230
25.4 Noise Model and Noise Normalization with the Generalized Anscombe Transform	231
25.5 Experimental Results	232
25.6 Conclusion	234
References	234
Chapter 26: Experimental Evaluation of the Warping Deformation in Thin-Walled Open Section Profiles	235
26.1 Introduction	235
26.2 Evaluation of the Warping Deformation	236
26.2.1 Computation of the Stiffness Matrix for Thin-Walled Open Section Beams Subjected to Transversal Actions	236
26.2.2 Experimental Evaluation of the Warping Deformation in Thin-Walled Open Section Beams	239
26.3 Analysis of Thin-Walled Open Section Bracings in High-Rise Buildings	243
26.4 Conclusions	246
References	246
Chapter 27: In Situ Study of Plastic Flow at Sliding Metal Surfaces	247
27.1 Introduction	247
27.2 Experimental	248
27.3 Results	249
27.4 Conclusions	252
References	252
Chapter 28: Stiffness Investigation of Synthetic Flapping Wings for Hovering Flight	253
28.1 Introduction	253
28.2 Wing Construction	254
28.3 Thrust and Current Testing Procedure	254
28.4 Stiffness Testing Procedure	255
28.5 Results and Discussion	256
28.6 Conclusion	260
References	260
Chapter 29: A Generic, Time-Resolved, Integrated Digital Image Correlation, Identification Approach	261
29.1 Introduction	261
29.2 Principle	262
29.3 Identification of a Mixed-Mode Interface model from a Mixed-Mode Delamination Test	263
29.4 10-Parameter History- and Rate-Dependent Glassy Polymer Model from a Simple Tensile Test (Preliminary Results)	264
29.5 Simultaneous Identification of Two Material Models from a Single Bulge Test of a Structured Membrane (Preliminairy Result...	264
29.6 Conclusions	265
References	267
Chapter 30: Multiscale FE-Based DIC for Enhanced Measurements and Constitutive Parameter Identification	268
30.1 Introduction	268
30.2 Methods	269
30.2.1 Multiscale DIC Measurement and Image Registration	269
30.2.2 A Priori Error Analysis of Multiscale Images	271
30.2.3 Multiscale FEMU	273
30.2.4 A Priori Analysis of the FEMU Identification Robustness	274
30.3 Application	274
30.3.1 Experimental Set-Up	274
30.3.2 DIC Error Analysis	275
30.3.3 Identification of Elastic Properties	276
30.4 Conclusions	277
References	278
Chapter 31: Uncertainties of Digital Image Correlation Near Strain Localizations	279
31.1 Introduction	279
31.2 DIC Setup	280
31.3 Specimen and Patterning	280
31.4 Displacement Uncertainties and Distributions	281
31.5 Strain Uncertainty Determination	283
31.6 Results	285
31.7 Conclusions	286
References	287
Chapter 32: Pre-qualifying DIC Performance Based on Image MTF Correlation Coefficient	288
32.1 Introduction	288
32.2 Principles	289
32.2.1 Digital Image Correlation Method	289
32.2.2 Modulation Transfer Function	289
32.3 Experimental Setup	289
32.4 Results and Discussions	291
32.4.1 Displacement Measurement Results	291
32.4.2 Experiments of Modulation Transfer Function	293
32.5 Conclusions	293
References	297
Chapter 33: Analysis of E-Beam Microlithography and SEM Imaging Distortions	298
33.1 Introduction	298
33.2 Global Distortions Measurement by Digital Image Correlation	299
33.3 Partition of Distortions	300
33.4 Conclusions	303
References	303
Chapter 34: Displacement Measurements Using CAD-Based Stereo-DIC	304
34.1 Introduction	304
34.2 CAD-Based Stereo-DIC Formulation for Displacement Measurements	305
34.3 Nurbs Description	305
34.4 Example on an Industrial Part	306
34.5 Conclusions	308
References	308
Chapter 35: Single-Camera-Based 3D DIC for Fast-Speed Measurement	309
35.1 Introduction	309
35.2 Principle	309
35.3 Experiment	311
35.4 Conclusion	313
References	313
Chapter 36: Three-Dimensional Digital Image Correlation Using a Single Color-Camera	314
36.1 Introduction	314
36.2 Triangulation	315
36.3 Speckle Projector Design	316
36.3.1 Color Separation	317
36.4 Laser Speckle Cross-Talk	318
36.5 Painted Speckle Crosstalk	318
36.6 Experimental Setup, Procedure and Results	319
36.7 Discussion	321
36.8 Conclusion	322
References	322
Chapter 37: Multi-Camera DIC Offers New Dimensions in Material Testing	324
37.1 Introduction	324
37.2 DIC Using the Cluster Approach	325
37.3 Multi Camera DIC in Material Testing	326
37.4 Measurement of Three Strain Components During Tensile Test	326
37.4.1 Comparison of Strains on Front and Back Side	327
37.4.2 Measurement of Changes of Thickness	327
37.4.3 Measurement of Third Strain Component	328
37.5 Conclusion	329
References	329
Chapter 38: Using Sampling Moiré to Extract Displacement Information from X-Ray Images of Molten Salt Batteries	330
38.1 Introduction	330
38.2 Experimental Setup	330
38.3 Moiré Code Validation	331
38.3.1 Sampling Moiré Theory	331
38.3.2 Sampling Moiré Validation	332
38.3.2.1 Sampling Moiré Numerical Validation	333
38.4 Experimental Results	333
38.5 Conclusions	335
References	335
Chapter 39: High-Speed Digital Holography for Transient Response of the Human Tympanic Membrane	336
39.1 Introduction	336
39.2 Methods	337
39.3 Validation	337
39.4 Applications	338
39.4.1 Full-Field Transient Response of the Human TM	338
39.4.2 Spatial Dependence of Acousto-Mechanical Parameters of the TM	339
39.4.2.1 Maximum Response and Acoustic Delay Map	339
39.4.2.2 Spatial Distribution of the Time Constant of Decay Response	339
39.4.2.3 Spatial Dependence of Dominant Frequencies	340
39.5 Conclusions and Future Work	340
References	341
Chapter 40: Displacement and Strain Measurement with Multiple Imaging Head Using PSDHI	342
40.1 Introduction	342
40.2 Principle of Displacement and Strain Measurement with Multiple Imaging Sensors	343
40.3 Displacement and Strain Measurement Device with Multiple Imaging Head	344
40.4 Experiment	345
40.4.1 Displacement Measurement	345
40.4.2 Strain Measurement	346
40.5 Conclusions	347
References	347
Chapter 41: Simultaneous ESPI Measurements Using Multiple Wavelengths and a Color Camera	348
41.1 Introduction	348
41.2 Two-Axis Shearograpy Example	349
41.3 Color Measurements	350
41.4 Phase Stepping	351
41.5 Results	352
41.6 Discussion	354
41.7 Conclusions	354
References	355
Chapter 42: Some Practical Considerations in High-Speed 3D Shape and Deformation Measurement Using Single-Shot Fringe Projecti...	356
42.1 Introduction	356
42.2 Principles	357
42.2.1 Image Acquisition	357
42.2.2 Fourier Transform method	357
42.3 Practical Considerations in Single Shot 3D Imaging	358
42.3.1 Shadows and Discontinuities	358
42.3.2 Reliability-Guided Map Phase Unwrapping Process	358
42.4 Experimental Results	360
42.5 Conclusion	361
References	361
Chapter 43: Fast-Speed, High-Accuracy and Real-Time 3D Imaging with Fringe Projection Technique	362
43.1 Introduction	362
43.2 Hardware Enhancements	363
43.2.1 Customized DLP Projector for Pattern Illumination	363
43.2.2 Projecting and Capturing Synchronization with Externally Triggering Circuit	364
43.3 Advanced Approach in FPP	365
43.3.1 Gamma Correction Scheme	365
43.3.2 Multiple-Frequency Fringes Approach for Phase Unwrapping	365
43.3.3 3D Shape Reconstruction Algorithm and System Calibration	366
43.3.4 Using CUDA and OpenGL Interoperation to Reconstruct Ultrahigh Accuracy 3D Images with Multiple Frequencies	366
43.4 Experiments	367
43.5 Conclusion	368
References	368
Chapter 44: DIC Strain Analysis of Pipeline Test Specimens Containing Metal Loss	369
44.1 Introduction	369
44.2 Experimental Methods	369
44.3 Results and Discussion	371
44.3.1 Specimens S1	371
44.3.2 Specimen S2	373
44.4 Conclusions	375
Reference	375
Chapter 45: Experimental Inference of Inter-Particle Forces in Granular Systems Using Digital Image Correlation	376
45.1 Introduction	376
45.2 Experimental Setup and Procedure	377
45.3 Results and Discussion	378
45.4 Conclusions	380
References	382
Chapter 46: High Pressure Burst Testing of SiCf-SiCm Composite Nuclear Fuel Cladding	383
46.1 Introduction	384
46.2 Experimental Details	384
46.3 Results and Discussions	386
46.4 Conclusions	389
References	389
Chapter 47: Low Cost Digital Image Correlation (DIC) for Monitoring Components Undergoing Fatigue Loading	390
47.1 Introduction	390
47.2 Methodology	391
47.3 Experimental Arrangements and Results	391
47.4 Conclusions	392
References	393
Chapter 48: Tensile Response and the Associated Post: Yield Heating of Polycarbonate	394
48.1 Introduction	394
48.2 Experiments	394
48.3 Results	395
48.3.1 Strain Rate Effect on Thermal Behavior	395
48.3.2 Strain Rate Effect on Mechanical Behavior	395
48.4 Conclusions	396
References	396
Chapter 49: Passive 3D Face Reconstruction with 3D Digital Image Correlation	397
49.1 Introduction	397
49.2 Algorithm	398
49.3 Results	399
49.4 Conclusion	399
References	400
Chapter 50: On the Meso-Macro Scale Deformation of Low Carbon Steel	402
50.1 Introduction	402
50.2 Experimental Procedure	403
50.2.1 Specimen Preparation and Experimental Procedure	403
50.3 Result and Discussion	404
50.4 Conclusion	407
References	407
Chapter 51: Feasibility of Non-Contacting Measurement of Wind-Induced Full-Field Displacements on Asphalt Shingles	408
51.1 Introduction	408
51.2 Experimental Program	409
51.2.1 Specimen and Target Shingle	409
51.2.2 Test Setup and Wind Load Protocol	410
51.3 Results and Discussion	411
51.3.1 Selection of Subset Size for DIC Analysis	411
51.3.2 3D-DIC Measurements of Wind-Induced Uplift Displacements	412
51.4 Conclusions	413
References	414

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