Chapter 3 Topography of Rough Dielectric Surfaces Utilizing Evanescent Illumination F.M. Sciammarella, C.A. Sciammarella, and L. Lamberti Abstract The authors utilize optical evanescent fields to analyze the topography of metallic and non metallic surfaces. The methodology initiated with the phenomenon of planar surface waves produced by surface plasmon polaritons. By direct experimental observations in 2009 the method was extended to ceramic surfaces in the micron and sub-micron range. Since the ceramics are dielectric materials the plasmon polariton model cannot explain the observed phenomena. For almost a century researchers have analyzed surface electromagnetic waves observed in planar interfaces that involve metallic surfaces, or metallic surfaces and dielectric media. These studies resulted in the theory of surface-plasmon waves and surface-plasmon-polariton waves. Additional planar surface waves are the so called Dyakonov waves, Tamm waves, and Dyakonov–Tamm waves. These waves were originally theoretically derived by M.I. Dyakonov about 25 years ago and were observed for the first time in 2009. The Dyakonov–Tamm waves are generated in the interface of two dielectric materials with periodic internal structures. Keywords Evanescent illumination • Surface electromagnetic waves • Surface topography of metallic and ceramic materials 3.1 Introduction Atoms inside a medium are connected to other atoms through inter-atomic potentials that imply sharing electronic orbits. When atoms are at a surface they lack their counterparts and special electronic band configurations arise and create surface states. The possible surface states depend on the atomic structure of the material: metals, semi-conductors, and dielectric materials give rise to different surface states. The Russian physicist I. Tamm analyzed surface states originating at the boundary of crystals and vacuum through solutions of the Schr€odinger equation [1]. If different materials are in close contact, more complex states can be experimentally observed. In 1988, the Russian physicist M.I. Dyakonov [2] theoretically predicted the existence of surface waves for specified boundary conditions. Surface states that can produce surface waves have generated a great deal of scientific interest and for possible technical applications. Lahktakia and Polo [3] extended the concept of the surface waves defining the Dyakonov-Tamm waves. They analyzed the interface of a homogeneous dielectric material and a dielectric chiral thin sculptured film that is anisotropic and periodically inhomogeneous. While the classical Dyakonov waves have a very limited spectrum of angle propagation in the second medium, the F.M. Sciammarella (*) Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering and Engineering Technology, Northern Illinois University, 590 Garden Road, 60115 DeKalb, IL, USA e-mail: sciammarella@niu.edu C.A. Sciammarella Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering and Engineering Technology, Northern Illinois University, 590 Garden Road, 60115 DeKalb, IL, USA Department of Mechanical, Materials and Aerospace Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, 10 SW 32nd Street, 60616 Chicago, IL, USA L. Lamberti Dipartimento Meccanica, Matematica e Management, Politecnico di Bari, Viale Japigia 182, 70126 Bari, Italy H. Jin et al. (eds.), Advancement of Optical Methods in Experimental Mechanics, Volume 3: Proceedings of the 2014 Annual Conference on Experimental and Applied Mechanics, Conference Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Mechanics Series, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-06986-9_3, #The Society for Experimental Mechanics, Inc. 2015 21
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