Dynamic Behavior of Materials, Volume 1

Preface	6
Contents	8
Chapter 1: Dynamic Deformation Behavior of AA2099-T8 Under Compression and Torsion Loads	12
1.1 Introduction	12
1.2 Material and Experimental Procedure	14
1.3 Result and Discussion	16
1.4 Conclusion	22
References	23
Chapter 2: High Strain Rate Performance of Pressureless Sintered Boron Carbide	24
2.1 Introduction	24
2.2 Experimental	25
2.3 Results and Discussion	26
2.4 Conclusions	29
References	29
Chapter 3: Interpretation of Strain Rate Effect of Metals	31
3.1 Introduction	31
3.2 Analyses Based on Dislocation Dynamics	32
3.2.1 Kinematics Relationship of Strain Rate Effect	32
3.2.2 Kinetic Relationship of Strain Rate Effect	32
3.2.3 The Governing Relationships of Strain Rate Effect	33
3.2.4 Stress-Strain Curves at High Strain Rates	33
3.2.5 Uncoupling of Strain Hardening and Strain Rate Effects	35
3.2.6 History Effect of Inconstant Strain-Rate Loading	35
3.2.7 Strain Rate Sensitivity of Metals	36
3.3 Conclusion	36
References	36
Chapter 4: High Strain Rate Friction Response of Porcine Molar Teeth and Temporary Braces	38
4.1 Introduction	38
4.2 Specimen Preparation	39
4.2.1 Teeth	39
4.2.2 Temporary Braces	40
4.3 Experimental Setup	41
4.3.1 SHPB	41
4.3.2 TKB	41
4.4 Results and Discussion	42
4.4.1 Static and Dynamic Compression Test of Teeth	42
4.4.2 Dynamic Torsion Test of Temporary Braces	43
4.5 Conclusion	43
References	44
Chapter 5: Dynamics of Interfaces with Static Initial Loading	45
5.1 Introduction	46
5.2 Test Apparatus	47
5.3 Simulation	47
5.4 Experiment	48
5.4.1 Separation of Measured Strain	49
5.5 Results and Analysis	51
5.5.1 Stress Transmission Coefficients	51
5.5.2 Time-Frequency Analysis	53
5.5.3 Loss of Static Preloaded Torque	54
5.6 Future Work	57
5.7 Summary	57
References	57
Chapter 6: Loading Rate Effects on Mode I Delamination of Z-Pinned Composite Laminates	59
6.1 Introduction	59
6.2 Experimental Procedure	60
6.2.1 Specimen Preparation	60
6.2.2 Flying Wedge Test Method	60
6.2.2.1 Low Velocity Testing	61
6.2.2.2 High Velocity Testing	62
6.3 Analysis	62
6.3.1 Image Processing	62
6.3.2 Unpinned Laminates (Fig. 6.6)	63
6.3.3 Z-pinned Laminates	63
6.4 Results	64
6.5 Conclusions	65
References	65
Chapter 7: Multi-scale Testing Techniques for Carbon Nanotube Augmented Kevlar	67
7.1 Introduction and Motivation	67
7.2 Experimental Methods	68
7.2.1 Synthesis	68
7.2.2 Yarn Scale: Quasi-Static and High Rate Tensile Testing	69
7.2.3 Inter-yarn Scale: Static Friction Testing	70
7.2.4 Weave Scale: Pull-Out Testing	71
7.2.5 Fabric Scale: Modified Ballistic Testing	72
7.3 Modeling and Simulation	73
7.3.1 Pull-Out Model	73
7.3.2 Single-ply Model	73
7.4 Future Work: Multi-layer Ballistic Testing and Modeling	74
7.5 Summary and Conclusions	76
References	76
Chapter 8: Single Fiber Tensile Properties Measured by the Kolsky Bar Using a Direct Fiber Clamping Method	77
8.1 Introduction	77
8.2 Experimental Procedure	78
8.2.1 HSR Loading with PMMA Grip	78
8.3 Results and Discussion	79
8.4 Concluding Comments	79
References	79
Chapter 9: A Testing Technique for Characterizing Composite at Strain Rates up to 100/s	80
9.1 Introduction	80
9.2 Drop Weight Impact Tester	81
9.2.1 Force Equilibrium	81
9.2.2 Shaper	81
9.3 Testing Procedures and Data Analysis	82
9.3.1 Testing Specimens	82
9.3.1.1 Thin Specimen	82
9.3.1.2 Thick Specimen	82
9.3.2 Effect of Shaper	82
9.3.2.1 Shaper Material	82
9.3.2.2 Shaper Thickness	83
9.3.2.3 Identification of Strain Rates	84
9.3.2.4 Higher Strain Rates	84
9.4 Split Hopkinson´s Pressure Bar	85
9.5 Discussions	85
9.6 Summary	86
References	86
Chapter 10: A New Technique of Dynamic Spherical Indentation Based on SHPB	87
10.1 Introduction	87
10.2 Spherical Dynamic Indentation Test Using SHPB	87
10.2.1 The Apparatus	87
10.2.2 The Data Processing Method	88
10.2.3 Evaluating the Experiment	88
10.2.4 Some Results of Simulation	89
10.3 Experiment on 7075-T4 Aluminum Alloy	92
10.4 Conclusion	92
References	93
Chapter 11: Analysis and Simulations of Quasi-static Torsion Tests on Nearly Incompressible Soft Materials	94
11.1 Introduction	94
11.2 Torsion of an Incompressible Isotropic Elastic Material	95
11.2.1 Incompressible Isotropic Elastic Materials	96
11.2.2 Pure Torsion	96
11.2.3 Pure Torsion with Stress-Free Outer Boundary	97
11.2.4 Radially Non-uniform Torsional Deformations for Annular Specimens	98
11.3 Pure Torsion of an Incompressible Mooney-Rivlin Material	99
11.4 Numerical Simulations of Quasi-static Torsion	100
11.5 Discussion and Conclusions	102
Appendix: Details of the Numerical Simulations and Methods	103
References	103
12: Damage of Rubber Foams During Large Cyclic Compression	105
12.1 Introduction	105
12.2 Material and Methods	106
12.3 Results	107
12.4 Conclusions	110
Chapter 13: Extreme Tensile Damage and Failure in Glassy Polymers via Dynamic-Tensile-Extrusion	111
13.1 Introduction	111
13.2 Materials and Methods	112
13.3 Results	113
References	115
Chapter 14: Strain Rate and Temperature Dependence in PVC	117
14.1 Introduction	117
14.2 Experimental Method	118
14.2.1 Materials	118
14.2.2 Compression Testing	118
14.2.3 Simulating Adiabatic Conditions	119
14.3 Experimental Results and Discussion	119
14.3.1 Compression Testing and DMTA	119
14.3.2 Simulating Adiabatic Conditions	122
14.4 Conclusion	123
References	123
Chapter 15: Strain Rate Dependence of Yield Condition of Polyamide 11	125
15.1 Introduction	125
15.2 Experimental Methods	126
15.2.1 Materials and Specimens	126
15.2.2 Compressive Tests	126
15.2.3 Tensile Tests	127
15.3 Results and Discussion	128
15.4 Conclusions	131
References	131
Chapter 16: Effect of Strain Rate on Mechanical Response of PBX Simulants	132
16.1 Introduction	132
16.2 Specimen Preparation	133
16.3 Experimental Setup	134
16.4 Experimental Results	136
16.5 Discussion	138
16.6 Conclusions	139
References	139
Chapter 17: Effect of Loading Rate on Dynamic Fracture Toughness of Polycarbonate	141
17.1 Introduction	141
17.2 Experiment	142
17.3 Constitutive Model	143
17.4 Simulation	144
17.5 Results and Discussion	145
17.6 Conclusion	146
References	146
Chapter 18: Mixed Mode Fracture Behavior of Layered Plates	148
18.1 Introduction	148
18.2 Experimental Details	149
18.2.1 Specimen Preparation and Characterization	149
18.2.2 Static Testing	149
18.2.3 Dynamic Testing	150
18.3 Analysis of Isochromatics	150
18.4 Results	151
18.4.1 Static Test	151
18.4.2 Dynamic Loading	154
18.5 Conclusions	155
References	155
Chapter 19: Failure Analysis of Micron Scaled Silicon Under High Rate Tensile Loading	157
19.1 Extended Abstract	157
Chapter 20: Dynamic Fracture Analysis of Semi-circular Bending (SCB) Specimen by the Optical Method of Caustics	159
20.1 Introduction	159
20.2 Dynamic Mixed Mode Caustic Method	160
20.2.1 Principle of Caustic Method	160
20.2.2 Method of Caustics in Mixed Mode Dynamic Fracture	161
20.2.3 Mixed Mode Fracture with Different KII/KI Ratios	163
20.3 Experimental Procedure	163
20.4 Results and Discussion	163
20.4.1 Caustic Patterns	163
20.4.2 Comparison of Different Types of Specimens	165
20.4.3 Crack Interaction	166
20.5 Conclusions	167
References	167
Chapter 21: Effect of Loading Rate on Dynamic Fracture Behavior of Glass and Carbon Fiber Modified Epoxy	169
21.1 Introduction	169
21.2 Material Preparation	170
21.3 Material Property Measurement	170
21.4 Experimental Details	171
21.5 Optical Data Analysis	171
21.6 Effect of Loading Rate	172
21.7 Fractographic Evaluation	174
21.8 Conclusion	175
References	175
Chapter 22: Application of Element Free Galerkin Method to high Speed crack Propagation Analysis	177
22.1 Introduction	177
22.2 Element-Free Galerkin Method	178
22.2.1 MLS Approximation	178
22.2.2 Visibility Criterion	180
22.2.3 Crack Propagation in Epoxy Plate Under Dynamic Loading: Numerical and Experimental Analysis	181
22.2.3.1 Double Cracks	181
22.3 Conclusions	183
References	185
Chapter 23: Improving Ballistic Fiber Strength: Insights from Experiment and Simulation	186
23.1 Introduction and Motivation	186
23.2 Molecular Level and Electronic Structure Calculations	187
23.3 Fibril Level and Molecular Dynamic Simulations	188
23.4 Results	190
23.5 Next Steps	191
References	192
Chapter 24: Simulating Wave Propagation in SHPB with Peridynamics	193
24.1 Introduction	193
24.2 Comparison Between Simulation and Testing	195
24.2.1 Wave Propagation in a Single Bar	195
24.2.2 Two Bars in Contact	195
24.2.3 Different Cross-Section Areas Across an Interface	196
24.2.4 Using Experimental Result as an Input	197
24.3 Summary	198
References	198
Chapter 25: Investigation of Dynamic Failure of Metallic Adhesion: A Space-Technology Related Case of Study	199
25.1 Introduction	199
25.2 Experimental Apparatus and Procedure	200
25.3 Data Analysis and Identification of Adhesion	203
25.4 Conclusions	205
References	206
Chapter 26: Shock Wave Profile Effects on Dynamic Failure of Tungsten Heavy Alloy	207
26.1 Introduction	207
26.2 Material Characterization	207
26.3 Plate Impact Experiments	208
26.4 Free Surface Velocity Profiles	210
26.5 Optical Microscopy	211
26.6 Electron Backscatter Diffraction Microscopy	212
26.7 Conclusions	212
References	213
Chapter 27: Adhesively Joined Crush Tube Structures Subjected to Impact Loading	214
27.1 Introduction	214
27.2 Methods	215
27.3 Simulation of Axially Impacted Crush Tubes	216
27.4 Results	218
27.5 Discussion	220
References	220
Chapter 28: Dynamic Buckling of Submerged Tubes due to Impulsive External Pressure	222
28.1 Introduction	222
28.2 Experimental Setup	223
28.2.1 Specimen Tubes	224
28.2.2 Wall Thickness Variations	224
28.3 Results	225
28.3.1 Linear Elastic Regime	225
28.3.2 Nonlinear Elastic Regime	227
28.3.3 Slightly Plastic Regime	228
28.3.4 Collapse	230
28.3.5 Measurements of the Buckling Threshold	231
28.4 Conclusions	232
References	233
Chapter 29: High Strain Rate Response of Layered Micro Balloon Filled Aluminum	234
29.1 Introduction	234
29.2 Experimental Details	235
29.2.1 Materials	235
29.2.2 Experimental Setup	235
29.3 Results	236
29.3.1 High Strain Rate Response of Core Material	236
29.3.2 High Strain Rate Response of Sandwiches	237
29.4 Conclusions	239
References	240
Chapter 30: Dynamic Triaxial Compression Experiments on Cor-Tuf Specimens	241
30.1 Introduction	241
30.2 Methods and Materials	242
30.3 Results	243
30.4 Discussions	243
References	245
Chapter 31: Deceleration-Displacement Response for Projectiles That Penetrate Concrete Targets	246
31.1 Introduction	246
31.2 Empirical Penetration Models	247
31.2.1 Concrete Materials	248
31.2.2 Penetration Experiments	248
31.3 Target Resistance Parameter R	249
31.3.1 Deceleration Measurements	251
31.4 Data and Model Comparisons for sigmacf=23Mpa	253
31.5 Data and Model Comparisons for sigmacf=39MPa	258
31.6 Summary	270
References	270
Chapter 32: Dynamic Fracture and Impact Energy Absorption Characteristics of PMMA-PU Transparent Interpenetrating Polymer Netw...	271
32.1 Introduction	271
32.2 IPNs Synthesis and Specimen Fabrication	272
32.3 Experimental Setup and Testing Procedure	273
32.3.1 Dynamic Fracture Tests	273
32.3.2 Low-Velocity Impact Tests	274
32.4 Results and Discussion	275
32.4.1 Dynamic Fracture Response	275
32.4.2 Impact Energy Absorption	276
32.5 Conclusions	277
References	278
Chapter 33: Estimating Statistically-Distributed Grain-Scale Material Properties from Bulk-Scale Experiments	279
33.1 Introduction	279
33.2 Discussion	280
33.3 Conclusion	283
References	284
Chapter 34: Spall Behavior of Cast Iron with Varying Microstructures	285
34.1 Introduction	285
34.2 Theoretical Considerations	285
34.3 Materials Studied	287
34.4 Experimental Design	288
34.5 Results and Discussion	288
34.6 Conclusions	289
References	290
Chapter 35: A Scaling Law for APM2 Bullets and Aluminum Armor	291
35.1 Introduction	291
35.2 Bullet and Aluminum Target Plates	292
35.2.1 Scaling Law	292
35.3 Discussion	293
References	294
Chapter 36: A Novel Torsional Kolsky Bar for Testing Materials at Constant-Shear-Strain Rates	295
36.1 Introduction	295
36.2 Experimental Setup	296
36.3 Experimental Results	297
36.4 Summary	297
References	299
Chapter 37: A New Method for Dynamic Fracture Toughness Determination Using Torsion Hopkinson Pressure Bar	300
37.1 Introduction	300
37.2 Experimental	301
37.2.1 Material and Specimen Geometry	301
37.2.2 Experimental Setup	302
37.3 Results and Discussion	303
37.4 Summary	305
References	305
Chapter 38: Characterization of Sheet Metals in Shear over a Wide Range of Strain Rates	306
38.1 Introduction	306
38.2 Experimental	308
38.3 Summary and Conclusions	310
References	310
Chapter 39: Material Identification of Blast Loaded Aluminum Plates Through Inverse Modeling	311
39.1 Introduction	311
39.2 Experimental Setup	312
39.3 Numerical Setup	312
39.3.1 Blast Loading	312
39.3.2 Material Model	313
39.3.3 Finite Element Model	313
39.4 Comparison Results	314
39.5 Inverse Modeling	314
39.6 Conclusions	317
References	318
Chapter 40: Implosion of a Tube Within a Closed Tube: Experiments and Computational Simulations	319
40.1 Introduction	319
40.2 Specimen Details	320
40.3 Experimental Setup	321
40.3.1 Outer Tube	321
40.3.2 Vessel Pressurization	321
40.3.3 Experimental Results	322
References	323
Chapter 41: Testing Techniques for Shock Accelerometers below 10,000g	324
41.1 Introduction	324
41.2 Dynamic Experiments with the Hopkinson Bar	325
41.3 Dynamic Experiments with the Drop Tower Tester	327
41.4 Results and Discussion	328
41.5 Conclusion	331
References	331
Chapter 42: ONR MURI Project on Soil Blast Modeling and Simulation	332
42.1 Introduction	332
42.2 Technical Updates	334
42.2.1 High Strain Rate Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) Experiments on Boulder Clay and Mason Sand (Luo, Lu)	334
42.2.2 Quasi-static and Intermediate Strain Rate Triaxial Compression Experiments on Boulder Clay and Mason Sand (Svoboda, Mun...	335
42.2.3 Synchrotron X-Ray Computed Tomography (CT) of Dry, Saturated, and Partially Saturated Mason Sand (Druckrey, Alshibli)	337
42.2.4 Geotechnical Centrifuge Experiments with Buried Soil Explosives (Hansen, Pak)	337
42.2.5 Constitutive Modeling and MPM Simulations for Buried Soil Blasts at Scale II (Bonifasi-Lista, Yarahmadi, Ghodrati, Colo...	338
42.2.6 RKPM/SPH Representation of Clay Fracture and Fragmentation at Scale I (Ren, Li)	339
42.2.7 Interaction of Soil Fragments and Background Air via Coupled Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) at Scale I (Brown-Dymko...	339
Characteristic-Based Volume Penalization (CBVP)	340
42.2.8 Hybrid OpenMP/MPI Parallel Code Framework for Discrete Element Method (DEM) at Scale I (Yan, Regueiro)	341
42.2.9 Overlap Discrete Element (DE) and Micropolar Continuum Finite Element (FE) Coupling at Scale I (Duan, Regueiro)	341
42.3 Conclusion	343
References	344
Chapter 43: Dynamic Behavior of Saturated Soil Under Buried Explosive Loading	345
43.1 Introduction	345
43.2 Qualitative Validation of Detonation Simulation and MPMICE in Uintah	346
43.3 Geotechnical Centrifuge Modeling and Assessment of Scaling Laws for Buried Explosives	346
43.4 Kinematics Analysis	349
43.5 Pore Collapse and Temperature Evolution in a Soil Element	349
43.6 Conclusion	350
References	351
Chapter 44: Sand Penetration: A Near Nose Investigation of a Sand Penetration Event	353
44.1 Introduction	353
44.2 Experimental Setup and Results	354
44.2.1 Pulse Send and Receive Sound Measurements	354
44.2.2 Single Grain Static Fracture Experiments	355
44.2.3 Gas Gun Experiments	357
44.3 Numerical Calculations	359
44.4 Conclusions	360
References	360
Chapter 45: Poncelet Coefficients of Granular Media	362
45.1 Introduction	362
45.2 Experimental Techniques	363
45.3 Experiments	364
45.4 Experimental Results	364
45.5 Poncelet Parameters	365
45.6 Discussion	368
References	368
Chapter 46: Effect of Moisture on the Compressive Behavior of Dense Eglin Sand Under Confinement at High Strain Rates	370
46.1 Introduction	370
46.2 Experimental	371
46.3 Results	372
46.3.1 Volumetric and Deviatoric Behavior	373
46.3.2 Shear Stress-Hydrostatic Pressure Relationship	374
46.3.3 Compressibility of Sorted Sands	375
46.4 Discussion	376
46.5 Conclusion	376
References	376
Chapter 47: Shearing Rate Effects on Dense Sand and Compacted Clay	378
47.1 Introduction	378
47.2 Background	378
47.3 Materials	379
47.4 Conventional Triaxial Testing	380
47.5 Rate Effects	382
47.6 Analysis	382
47.7 Conclusion	384
References	384
Chapter 48: High-Energy Diffraction Microscopy Characterization of Spall Damage	385
48.1 Introduction	385
48.2 Materials and Experimental Method	386
48.3 Results and Discussion	387
48.4 Summary	390
References	391
Chapter 49: Quantitative Visualization of High-Rate Material Response with Dynamic Proton Radiography	392
49.1 Introduction	392
49.2 Utilization of LANL´s Proton Radiography Facility to Study High Strain Rate Material Strength	394
49.3 Utilization of LANL´s Proton Radiography Facility to Study Ejecta	394
49.4 Utilization of LANL´s Proton Radiography Facility to Study Penetration Dynamics	396
49.5 Conclusions	397
References	397
Chapter 50: Investigation of Dynamic Material Cracking with In Situ Synchrotron-Based Measurements	399
50.1 Introduction	399
50.2 Experiments	400
50.3 Results	401
50.4 Discussion	403
50.5 Conclusion	405
References	405
Chapter 51: Impact Bend Tests Using Hopkinson Pressure Bars	407
51.1 Introduction	407
51.2 Experimental Details	408
51.3 Results and Discussion	410
51.4 Summary	411
References	412
Chapter 52: A Methodology for In-Situ FIB/SEM Tension Testing of Metals	413
52.1 Introduction	413
52.2 Specimen Fabrication	414
52.3 Experimental Procedure	414
52.4 Results and Discussion	415
52.5 Conclusion	419
References	419
Chapter 53: Characterization of Damage Evolution in Ti2AlC and Ti3SiC2 Under Compressive Loading	420
53.1 Introduction	420
53.2 Experimental Methodologies	422
53.2.1 Material Preparation	422
53.2.2 Mechanical Testing	422
53.3 Experimental Results	423
53.3.1 Damage Evolution in Ti2AlC and Ti3SiC2	423
53.3.2 Microstructural Features	425
53.4 Discussion	427
53.5 Conclusions	428
References	428
Chapter 54: Viscoelastic Behaviour of Maturating Green Poplar Wood	429
54.1 Introduction	429
54.2 Materials and Methods	430
54.2.1 Experimental Set-up	430
54.2.2 Determination of Wood Cells Age	430
54.2.3 Autonomous Curvature Measurements	431
54.2.4 Creep Tests	431
54.3 Results and Discussion	432
54.3.1 Behaviour of Small Slats Under Internal Maturation Stresses	432
54.3.2 Creep Tests Results	432
54.4 Conclusion	434
References	434
Chapter 55: Permeability and Microcracking of Geomaterials Subjected to Dynamic Loads	435
55.1 Introduction	435
55.2 Experimental Program	437
55.2.1 Experimental Set-up and Material Properties of Specimens	437
55.3 Experimental Results	438
55.3.1 Influence of Injected Electrical Energy on Permeability	438
55.3.2 Influence of Number of Shocks on Permeability	439
55.3.3 Evolution of the Microstructure Illustrated by X-ray Scans	440
55.4 Numerical Simulation	441
55.5 Conclusions	441
References	442
Chapter 56: Vibration Analysis and Design of a Monumental Stair	444
56.1 Background	444
56.2 Description of the Monumental Staircase	447
56.3 Structural Analysis and Design Modifications	447
56.4 Summary and Conclusions	451
References	451
Chapter 57: Improvement of Safety Engineering Design in Rotating Structures by Detection of Resonance Frequency Signals	452
57.1 Introduction	452
57.1.1 Analysis Techniques	453
57.1.2 Applications	453
57.2 Method	453
57.2.1 Test Procedure	453
57.2.2 Equation of Motion	454
57.2.2.1 Definition of Frequency Response Functions (FRFs)	454
57.2.3 Validation Study	454
57.3 Results (Tables and Figures)	455
57.3.1 Vibration Analysis Software in Experimental Method	455
57.3.2 The Shock Capture Module	456
57.3.3 Reaction Forces in the Left and Right Bearings	457
57.4 Discussions and Conclusions	457
References	459
Chapter 58: Dynamic Compressive Response of Unsaturated Clay Under Confinements	461
58.1 Introduction	461
58.2 Experimental Procedures	462
58.2.1 Specimen Preparation	462
58.2.2 Modified SHPB	462
58.3 Experimental Results and Discussion	464
58.3.1 Dynamic Equilibrium and Repeatability of SHPB Data	464
58.3.2 Effect of the Moisture Content	465
58.3.3 Energy Absorption of Unsaturated Clay	467
58.4 Conclusions	468
References	469
Chapter 59: Dynamic Tensile Testing of Based and Welded Automotive Steel	470
59.1 Introduction	470
59.2 Experimental Procedures	471
59.3 Results and Discussion	472
59.4 Conclusion	476
References	477

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