8 A Framework for Developing Efficient Vehicle-Bridge Interaction Models Within a Commercial Finite Element Software 73 • Abaqus consists of element and material libraries that can be used to capture the dynamic response of VBI models. • The use of node-to-surface contact formulations in Abaqus is successful in coupling the vehicle to the bridge. • The proposed three-step methodology of deleting and adding dashpot elements allows the vehicle to reach static equilibrium quickly before traveling across the bridge. • Representing surface profiles using equivalent forces is an accurate and simple technique for recreating the effects of surface roughness on the dynamic response of a vehicle body within commercial FE software packages. • Moderate dissipation in the dynamic analysis step was sufficient to remove contact chatter without significantly influencing coupled vehicle-bridge dynamics. Acknowledgments Omar Abuodeh was supported by Clemson’s NRT RIES program and the National Science Foundation under grant #1633608. Such financial aid is greatly acknowledged. References 1. Mokalled, S., Locke, W., Abuodeh, O.R., Redmond, L., McMahan, C.: Drive-by health monitoring of highway bridges using Bayesian estimation technique for damage classification. Struct. Control Health Monit. 29, e2944 (2021) 2. Locke, W., Mokalled, S., Abuodeh, O.R., Redmond, L., Mcmahan, C.S.: An intelligently designed AI for structural health monitoring of a reinforced concrete bridge. Proceedings of The Concrete Industry in the Era of AI, 1–9 (2021) 3. Lin, C.W., Yang, Y.B.: Use of a passing vehicle to scan the fundamental bridge frequencies: an experimental verification. Eng. Struct. 27(13), 1865–1878 (2005) 4. Miyamoto, A., Yabe, A.: Bridge condition assessment based on vibration responses of passenger vehicle. J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 305, 1–10 (2011) 5. Lam, H.-F., Yang, J.-H., Au, S.-K.: Markov chain Monte Carlo-based bayesian method for structural model updating and damage detection. Struct. Control. Health Monit. 25(4), 1–22 (2018) 6. Locke, W., Sybrandt, J., Redmond, L., Safro, I., Atamturktur, S.: Using drive-by health monitoring to detect bridge damage considering environmental and operational effects. J. Sound Vib. 468(3), 1–17 (2020) 7. Yang, Y.B., Lin, C.W., Yau, J.D.: Extracting bridge frequencies from the dynamic response of a passing vehicle. J. Sound Vib. 272(3–5), 471–493 (2004) 8. Siringoringo, D.M., Fujino, Y.: Estimating bridge fundamental frequency from vibration response of instrumented passing vehicle: analytical and experimental study. Adv. Struct. Eng. 15(3), 417–433 (2012) 9. Kim, C.W., Kawatani, M., Kim, K.B.: Three-dimensional dynamic analysis for bridge-vehicle interaction with roadway roughness. Comput. Struct. 83(18–19), 1627–1645 (2005) 10. Yu, H., Wang, B., Li, Y., Zhang, Y., Zhang, W.: Road vehicle-bridge interaction considering varied vehicle speed based on convenient combination of Simulink and ANSYS. Shock. Vib., 1–14 (2018) 11. Wang, L., Kang, X., Jiang, P.: Vibration analysis of a multi-span continuous bridge subject to complex traffic loading and vehicle dynamic interaction. KSCE J. Civ. Eng., 1–10 (2015) 12. Li, Y., Xu, X., Zhou, Y., Cai, C.S., Qin, J.: An interactive method for the analysis of the simulation of vehicle-bridge coupling vibration using ANSYS and SIMPACK. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. F J. Rail Rapid Transit. 232(3), 663–679 (2018) 13. Lu, X., Kim, C., Chang, K.: Finite element analysis framework for dynamic vehicle-bridge interaction system based on ABAQUS. Int. J. Struct. Stab. Dyn., 1–36 (2020) 14. Shui-rong, G., Lu, L., Shui-sheng, C., Hui, Z.: Research on models of a highway bridge subjected to a moving vehicle based on the LS-DYNA simulator. J. Highw. Transp. Res. Dev. 8(3), 76–82 (2014) 15. Kwasniewski, L., Li, H., Wekezer, J., Malachowsk, J.: Finite element analysis of vehicle-bridge interaction. Finite Elem. Anal. Des. 42, 950– 959 (2006) 16. Smith, M.: ABAQUS/Standard User’s Manual. Dassault Systems Simulia Corp (2020) 17. Yao, Z., Sheng, Z., Tjhen, L.S.: A simple approach for simulating the road surface roughness involved in vehicle-bridge interaction systems. Int. J. Struct. Stab. Dyn. 18(7), 1–10 (2018) 18. Hilber, H.M., Hughes, T.J.R., Taylor, R.L.: Improved numerical dissipation for time integration algorithms in structural dynamics. Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn. 5, 283–292 (1977) 19. ISO-8608, Mechanical vibration — road surface profiles — reporting of measured data
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