Dynamics of Civil Structures, Volume 2

Preface	6
Contents	7
Particle Filters and Auto-Encoders Combination for Damage Diagnosis on Hysteretic Non-Linear Structures Subject to Changing Environmental Conditions	9
1 Introduction	9
2 Methodology	11
2.1 State-Space Model, Particle Filter an Auto-Encoders	11
2.2 Definition of the Diagnostic Indicators	15
3 Case Study	15
4 Conclusions	18
References	20
A New Benchmark Problem for Structural Damage Detection: Bolt Loosening Tests on a Large-Scale Laboratory Structure	22
1 Introduction	23
2 The Benchmark Website	24
3 Benchmark Dataset Description	26
4 Conclusions	27
References	27
Implementation of an Organic Database Structure for Population-Based Structural Health Monitoring	30
1 Introduction	30
2 PBSHM Schema Requirements	31
3 Database	32
3.1 RDBMS	32
3.2 NoSQL	33
3.3 Database Choice	34
4 The PBSHM Schema	34
4.1 Organic Design	35
4.2 Time First Approach	36
4.3 Implementation	36
4.3.1 Structure	37
4.3.2 Channel	37
4.3.3 Value	38
4.3.4 Installation	38
4.3.5 Indexes	38
4.3.6 Querying	39
4.3.7 Download	40
4.4 Data Import	40
5 Conclusion	42
Appendix 1: Non-organic Basic Schema	42
Appendix 2: Organic Basic Schema	43
Appendix 3: Accepted Channel Objects Within the v1.0 Schema	44
Appendix 4: PBSHM Schema Installation	45
Appendix 5: Single vs Multiple File Channel Data	46
Appendix 6: PBSHM Database Querying	47
References	48
Estimation of Blade Forces in Wind Turbines Using Strain Measurements Collected on Blades	49
1 Introduction	49
2 Methodology	50
3 Results	52
4 Conclusions	54
References	54
On Health-State Transition Models for Risk-Based Structural Health Monitoring	55
1 Introduction	55
2 Probabilistic Risk-Based SHM	56
2.1 Probabilistic Graphical Models	56
2.2 Decision Framework	57
3 Developing Transition Models for Risk-Based SHM	59
3.1 Operational Evaluation	59
3.2 Handling Uncertainty	60
3.3 Generating Transition Models	60
4 Case Study: Four-Bay Truss	60
4.1 Operational Conditions	61
4.2 Failure Criteria	61
4.3 Transition Modelling	62
5 Discussion	64
5.1 Importance of Transition Models	64
5.2 Challenges	65
6 Summary	65
References	66
Cointegration for Structural Damage Detection Under Environmental Variabilities: An Experimental Study	67
1 Introduction	67
2 Methodology	68
2.1 Mahalanobis Distance-Based Outlier Analysis of Response Covariances	68
2.2 Cointegration-Based Scheme	68
3 Laboratory Experiment	70
3.1 Experimental Setup	70
3.2 Data Acquisition and Feature Extraction	71
4 Results	72
5 Conclusion	72
References	74
Footbridge Vibrations and Modelling of Pedestrian Loads	75
Nomenclature	75
1 Introduction	76
2 Modelling of Walking Loads	76
3 Studies of This Paper	77
3.1 Impact of Decisions Related to Modelling the Load Amplification Factor	77
3.2 Impact of Decisions Related to Modelling the Step Frequency	78
4 Conclusion and Discussion	79
References	79
Multi-LSTM-Based Framework for Ambient Intelligence	80
1 Introduction	80
2 Related Work	81
3 Background	81
4 Overview of the Proposed Approach	82
5 Experimental Setup and Data Preparation	82
6 Proposed Network Architecture and Training	83
7 Discussion of Results	83
8 Conclusions and Future Work	84
References	85
Operational Modal Analysis and Finite Element Model Updating of a 53-Story Building	87
1 Introduction	87
2 Operational Modal Analysis	88
3 Finite Element Model Updating	89
4 Conclusions	90
References	93
An Overview of Deep Learning Methods Used in Vibration-Based Damage Detection in Civil Engineering	96
1 Introduction	96
2 Use of UPNs in Damage Detection of Civil Infrastructure	97
3 Use of CNNs in Damage Detection of Civil Infrastructure	97
3.1 2D CNNs	97
3.2 1D CNNs	98
4 Conclusions and Recommendations for Future Work	99
References	99
Transfer Learning from Audio Domains a Valuable Tool for Structural Health Monitoring	102
1 Introduction	102
2 Data	103
3 Analysis	104
4 Results	106
5 Conclusion	110
References	110
Experimental Evaluation of Drive-by Health Monitoring on a Short-Span Bridge Using OMA Techniques	111
1 Introduction	111
2 OMA Literature Review	112
2.1 Frequency Domain OMA Techniques	113
2.2 OMA in DBHM	114
3 Bridge and Vehicle Systems	115
3.1 Description	115
3.2 Instrumentation	115
4 Testing Strategy	116
5 Methodologies	118
5.1 Peak Picking	118
5.2 Frequency Domain Decomposition	118
6 Uncoupled System Identification	118
6.1 Preprocessing	118
6.2 Bridge Uncoupled OMA Analysis	118
6.3 RAM Truck Uncoupled OMA Analysis	120
6.4 Summary of Uncoupled OMA System Identification	123
7 Coupled Vehicle-Bridge System Identification	123
7.1 Preprocessing	123
7.2 Bridge Coupled OMA Analysis	124
7.3 RAM Truck Coupled OMA Analysis	124
7.4 Summary of Coupled OMA System Identification	127
8 Conclusion	127
References	128
Investigation of Low-Cost Accelerometer Performance for Vibration Analysis of Bridges	130
1 Introduction and Scope	130
2 Low-Cost MEMS and Instrument-Grade Accelerometers	131
3 Cantilever Beam Evaluation	132
3.1 Test Setup	132
3.2 Data Analysis and Results	133
3.3 Discussion	133
4 Highway Bridge Evaluation	135
5 Conclusions	138
References	138
Real-Time Human Cognition of Nearby Vibrations Using Augmented Reality	139
1 Introduction	139
2 Background	140
3 Test Results and Analyses	143
4 Conclusions	144
References	144
Understanding Errors from Multi-Input-Multi-Output (MIMO) Testing of a Cantilever Beam	146
1 Introduction	146
2 MISO Test Setup with Small Variation in Actuator Location	147
3 Test Results and Analyses	148
4 Conclusions	149
References	151
Load-Displacement Behavior Clustering of RC Shear Walls Using Functional Data Analysis	152
1 Introduction	152
1.1 Functional Data Analysis	152
1.2 Functional Principal Component Analysis	153
1.3 Application of FDA in Structural Health Monitoring and Non-destructive Evaluation	153
2 Analysis	154
2.1 Analysis Results	155
3 Conclusion	156
References	156

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