230 X. Ma and B. Clements Fig. 39.9 Pagosa SURF simulation of three-dimensional oblique fragment impact. (left) set-up of the simulation; (middle) the fragment penetrates the cover plate and begins to build to a detonation; (right) a propagating detonation shock Conclusion SURF has been shown to accurately model plate impact experiments (used for calibration) with a minimal number of parameters. It captures the entire SDT process, including that observed with short shocks. We implemented SURF into the Eulerian code Pagosa and studied two- and three-dimensional release wave effects based on Eq. (39.12). This research was supported by an experimental team and portions were previously published [8, 9]. SURF has then been shown to successfully model ball and fragment impact on PBX 9501 and PBX 9502, as well as other explosives. Acknowledgements This work was funded by ASC-PEM-HE and ASC Safety Program. We gratefully thank Tariq Aslam, Mike Burkett, and Brandon Smith for their support of the project. We also thank the experimental fragment impact team of Lee Perry and plate impact team of Rick Gustavsen and Dana Dattelbaum. Finally, we thank Ralph Menikoff and Sam Shaw for discussions on the SURF model. References 1. Fields, J.E., Bourne, N.K., Palmer, S.J.P., Walley, S.M., Smallwood, J.M., Gray, P.: Hot-spot ignition mechanisms for explosives and propellants. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A, Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences. 15 May 1992. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.1992.0034 2. Tarver, C.M., Chidester, S.K., Nichols III, A.L.: Critical conditions for impact- and shock-induced hot spots in solid explosives. J. Phys. Chem. 100, 5794–5799 (1996) 3. Handley, C.A., Lambourn, B.D., Whitworth, N.J., James, H.R., Belfield, W.J.: Understanding the shock and detonationresponse of high explosives at the continuum and meso scales. Appl. Phys. Rev. 5, 011303 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5005997 4. Menikoff, R., Shaw, M.S.: The SURF model and the curvature effect for PBX 9502. Comb. Theory Model. (2012). https://doi.org/10.1080/13647830.2012.713994 5. Gustavsen, R.L. et al.: Embedded electromagnetic gauge measurements and modeling of shock initiation in the TATB based explosives PBX 9502 and LX-17. LA-UR-01-3339 6. Chidester, S.K., et al.: Shock Initiation of Damaged Explosives, (2009). LLNL report LLNL-CONF-418560 https://e-reports-ext.llnl.gov/pdf/ 380356.pdf 7. Pemberton, S.J. et al.: PBX-9501 SMIS shots with 1/2 inch and 5/8 inch round ball ammunition. LANL report: LA-UR-11-06457 8. Lee Perry, W., Clements, B., Ma, X., Mang, J.T.: Relating microstructure, temperature, and chemistry to explosive ignition and shock sensitivity. Combust. Flame. 190, 171–176 (2018) 9. Clements, B., Ma, X., Perry, L., Rae, P., Armstrong, C., Haroz, E., Dickson, P.: Shock Initiation Response of PBX 9502 Considering Rarefaction Wave Effects, Proceedings of the 16th Internation Detonation Symposium (in press)
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