Advancement of Optical Methods & Digital Image Correlation in Experimental Mechanics, Volume 3

Preface	6
Contents	7
Contributors	9
1 Beyond the Airbrush: Applications of Digital Image Correlation in Vascular Biomechanics	14
1.1 Introduction	14
1.2 What Is a “Speckle Pattern”?	14
1.3 Challenges in “Speckling” Soft Tissues	15
1.4 Some Potential Solutions to Speckle Patterning of Soft Biological Tissues	15
1.5 Conclusion	16
References	16
2 A New Method of Fringe Pattern Analysis	18
2.1 Introduction	18
2.2 Concept of Phase Supporting a New Unwrapping Method	19
2.3 Relationship Between the Precedent Derivations and the Classical Approach for Fringe Pattern Analysis	21
2.4 Sequence of Operations to Get All the Displacement Information at a Given Pixel	23
2.5 Flow Diagram of the Computation Process	25
2.6 Application Example I: Microscopic Displacement Field of a Particulate Composite	25
2.7 Application Example II	31
2.8 Discussion and Conclusions	34
References	34
3 A Review: Optical Methods That Evaluate Displacement	36
3.1 Part I Theory	36
3.1.1 Introduction	36
3.1.2 The Concept of Phase	37
3.1.3 Method of the Tagged Carriers	39
3.1.4 2D Signals	40
3.1.5 Differences Between the Theoretical Model and the Recorded Signals	41
3.1.6 Solutions to the Representation of the Signal by a Sinusoidal Phasor	42
3.1.6.1 The Multiple Phase Approaches	42
3.1.6.2 The In-Quadrature Images Approach	42
3.1.7 Role of the Transforms	44
3.1.8 Intensity Vectors, Displacement Vectors, Gradient Vectors	46
3.1.9 Encoding Displacement Information Using Rough Wave Fronts	47
3.1.10 Digital Image Correlation	49
3.1.11 HARP Method to Get Displacements and Displacement Derivatives	52
3.1.12 Conclusions	53
3.2 Part II Applications	54
3.2.1 Introduction	54
3.2.2 Examples of Applications and Comparisons	54
3.2.2.1 Methods Based on the Standard Theory of Optical Image Analysis	54
3.2.2.2 Digital Image Correlation	56
3.2.2.3 HARP Method Example	59
3.2.3 Discussion and Conclusions	60
References	65
4 Measuring Spallation Strength of Epoxy by Laser Spallation Technique	66
4.1 Introduction	66
4.2 Experimental Details	66
4.3 Results and Discussions	67
References	70
5 Uncertainty Quantifications for Multiviewcorrelation	71
5.1 Introduction	71
5.2 General Setting	71
5.3 Mean-Field Approximation	72
5.4 Conclusions	73
References	73
6 Image Analysis of Curvature Using Classical Mechanics, the Elastica	74
6.1 Introduction	74
6.2 Methodology	76
6.3 Results	79
6.4 Conclusion	79
References	79
7 Fast Adaptive Global Digital Image Correlation	80
7.1 Introduction	80
7.2 ALDIC Algorithm Formulation	81
7.3 Adaptive Mesh ALDIC Algorithm	82
7.4 Numerical Demonstration	82
7.5 Conclusions	83
References	84
8 Speckle Image Rendering for DIC Performance Assessment	85
8.1 Introduction	85
8.2 Rendering Speckle Images	85
8.3 Results	86
References	87
9 Speckles and DIC or Checkerboards and LSA?	88
9.1 Extended Abstract	88
References	89
10 Update on the 2D-DIC Challenge: Results and Conclusions	90
10.1 Introduction	90
10.2 Results	91
10.3 Conclusions	91
10.4 Future Work	91
References	93
11 Eliminating Air Refraction Issues in DIC by Conducting Experiments in Vacuum	94
11.1 Introduction	94
11.2 Experimental Setup	94
11.3 Results	95
11.4 Conclusions	96
Reference	96
12 Identification of Deformation Mechanisms in Biomaterials Through AFM and DigitalImage Correlation	97
12.1 Introduction	97
12.2 Fracture Behavior and Toughness of Pangolin Scales	98
12.3 Toughening Mechanisms in Nacre	99
12.4 Conclusions	100
References	100
13 Fast, Sub-pixel Accurate Digital Image Correlation Algorithm Powered by Heterogeneous (CPU-GPU) Framework	102
13.1 Introduction	102
13.2 Heterogeneous Framework	103
13.2.1 2-D DIC Algorithm: Sequential Version	103
Nomenclature	103
13.2.2 Two-Dimensional DIC Algorithm: Heterogeneous Version	104
13.3 Results and Discussion	106
13.3.1 Speedup Per Sub-image	106
13.3.2 Speedup Across Sub-images	107
13.4 Conclusion	108
References	108
14 Vibration Modal Analysis by High-Speed and Accurate Shape Measurement Using One-Pitch Phase Analysis Method	110
14.1 Introduction	110
14.2 Optical System and Theory for Obtaining Height by the OPPA Method	110
14.3 Phase Analysis Via the OPPA Method	112
14.4 Vibration Modal Analysis System	113
14.5 Conclusions	114
References	114
15 DIC Image on FIB Ring-Core Analysis of Depth Sensing Residual Stress Measurement of Thin Films	116
15.1 Abstract	116
References	118
16 Measurement of Local Strain Distribution and Its Variation Near Eyes During Blink Using Digital Image Correlation	119
16.1 Introduction	119
16.2 Methods	120
16.2.1 Outline of Experiment	120
16.2.2 Analysis Condition	120
16.3 Results and Discussion	121
16.3.1 Time Histories of the Strain Near Eye	121
16.3.2 Distribution of the Principal Strain and Direction	121
16.4 Conclusions	122
References	124
17 Contribution to Fatigue Striation Phenomenon Analysis by Using Image Processing	125
17.1 Introduction	125
17.1.1 Fringe Pattern Method Used for Analyzing Fatigue Striation: Modulation Phase Correlation (pMPC)	126
17.1.2 Applying pMPC to SEM Images	127
17.2 Results	129
17.3 Conclusion and Perspectives	129
References	131
18 Ultra-High Speed Imaging for DIC Measurements in Kolsky Bar Experiments	132
18.1 Extended Abstract	132
References	133
19 Application of Digital Image Correlation to Structures in Fire	134
19.1 Introduction	134
19.2 Imaging Through Fire Using Narrow–Spectrum Illumination	134
19.3 Applications to Optical Metrology	135
19.4 Application to Full–Scale Experiments	135
19.5 Conclusions	136
References	136
20 Full-Field Determination of the Taylor-Quinney Coefficient in Tension Tests of Ti-6Al-4V at Strain Rates up to 7000 s−1	137
20.1 Introduction	137
20.2 Experimental Procedures and Techniques	138
20.3 Infrared Camera Calibration	138
20.4 Results and Discussion	141
20.5 Summary and Conclusions	142
References	143
21 Laser and White-Light Speckle Techniques: A Tutorial Review	144
21.1 Introduction and Purpose	144
21.2 What Is Laser or Coherent-Light Speckle?	145
21.3 Demonstrations of Important Properties of Laser Speckle	145
21.3.1 Observation of Laser Speckle	145
21.3.2 Speckle Motion with Lateral Movement	146
21.3.3 Dependence of Speckle Size on Aperture	146
21.3.4 Brightness Change with Longitudinal Movement	146
21.4 Classes of Speckle Measurement Techniques and the Naming Problem	147
21.5 The Displacement–Strain Problem	147
21.6 The Physics of Speckle	147
21.6.1 Formation of Coherent-Light Speckle	148
21.6.2 Controlling Speckle Size	149
21.6.2.1 Defining Speckle Size	149
21.6.2.2 A Fundamental Assumption	149
21.6.2.3 Size of Subjective Speckle	150
21.6.3 Estimating Speckle Brightness	151
21.7 Speckle Measurement Methods Made Easy	152
21.8 Laser Speckle Photography	152
21.8.1 Data Recording	152
21.8.2 Data Analysis Using Young's Fringes	153
21.8.3 Whole-Field Specklegram Analysis Using Fourier Optical Processing	155
21.9 White-Light Speckle Photography	156
21.9.1 Date Recording in White-Light Speckle	157
21.9.2 Data Analysis in White-Light Speckle Photography	157
21.9.3 Some Applications of White-Light Speckle Photography	157
21.10 Speckle Correlation Interferometry	159
21.10.1 Speckle Correlation Interferometry	160
21.10.1.1 Out-of-Plane Speckle Correlation Interferometry	160
21.10.1.2 Electronic Speckle Pattern Correlation Interferometry (ESPI)	162
21.10.1.3 In-Plane Speckle Correlation Interferometry	162
21.10.2 Speckle Interferometry in Noisy Environments	164
21.10.2.1 Scatter Plate Out-of-Plane Laser Speckle Interferometer	164
21.10.2.2 Mirror Technique for In-Plane Speckle Interferometry	165
21.11 Laser Speckle Shearography	166
21.12 Phase-Shifting Speckle Interferometry	167
21.12.1 The Fundamental Problem	168
21.12.2 Phase Shifting and Recording	169
21.12.3 Phase Unwrapping	170
21.12.4 Converting Phase Data into Displacements and Strains	172
21.13 Simultaneous Interferometries	173
21.14 Concluding Remarks	174
A.1 Appendix	174
22 Accurate Reconstruction of High-Gradient Strain Field in Digital Image Correlation: A Local Hermite Scheme	176
22.1 Experiments and Results	176
References	178
23 Development of a New Normalization Technique for Twelve Fringe Photoelasticity (TFP)	179
23.1 Introduction	179
23.2 Sensitivity Analysis of Theoretical Calibration Table	179
23.3 Influence of Filter Radius on Normalization and New Normalization Technique	180
23.4 Whole-Field Fringe Order Evaluation with Normalized Experimental Calibration Table	181
23.5 Conclusion	181
References	182
24 On Performing Spatiotemporal Stereocorrelation at Very High Temperatures	183
24.1 Introduction	183
24.2 Results	184
24.3 Conclusion	185
References	185
25 Compression Tests on CFRP Analysed by Digital Image Correlation	186
25.1 Introduction	186
25.2 Materials and Methods	187
25.3 Results and Discussion	189
25.4 Conclusions	193
References	193
26 Evaluation of Residual Stress with Optical Methods	194
26.1 Introduction	194
26.2 Pioneering Works	195
26.3 System and Measurement Procedures Developments	197
26.4 Analysis and Reliability Assessment Developments	198
26.5 Recent Applications of the Technique	199
26.6 Conclusions	200
References	200
27 Elevated Temperature Optical Microscopy DIC	203
27.1 Introduction	203
27.2 Apparatus	205
27.3 Specimen Preparation	206
27.4 Results	208
27.5 Conclusions	211
References	211
28 A Digital Laser Speckle Technique for Generating Slope Contours of Bent Plate	212
28.1 Introduction	212
28.2 Experimental Procedures	212
28.3 Principle of the Method	213
28.4 Results	214
28.5 Conclusion and Discussion	214
References	215
29 Deflectometry on Curved Surfaces	216
29.1 Introduction	216
29.2 Objectives and Methodology	216
29.3 Results	217
29.4 Conclusion and Future Work	219
References	220
30 Measurement on a Sample of Fuel Cell at High Temperature	221
30.1 Motivation	221
30.2 Specimen	221
30.3 Imaging System	222
30.4 Experiment	224
30.5 Results	224
30.6 Summary	226
References	226
31 Simulation of 3D Reconstruction of Conical Calibration Targets	227
31.1 Introduction	227
31.2 Calibration Targets and Simulations	228
31.3 Results	228
31.4 Conclusions	230
Reference	231
32 Recent Advancements and Perspective About Digital Holography: A Super-Tool in Biomedical and Bioengineering Fields	232
References	236
33 High-Speed Shape and Transient Response Measurements of Tympanic Membrane	239
33.1 Introduction	239
33.2 Methods	240
33.2.1 High-Speed Digital Holographic Interferometry	240
33.2.2 Shape Measurements Requirements	241
33.2.3 Multiple Wavelengths Holographic Interferometry (MWHI)	241
33.2.4 High-Speed Multi-Resolution MWHI Method	242
33.2.5 Timeline of High-Speed Shape and Displacement Measurements	242
33.2.6 Experimental Setup	243
33.3 Representative Results	243
33.3.1 Sample Preparation	243
33.3.2 Representative Shape and Displacement Measurements	243
33.3.3 Significance of Surface-Normal Determination	245
33.3.4 Conclusions and Future Work	246
References	246
34 High-Speed Digital Image Correlation for Endoscopy: A Feasibility Study	247
34.1 Introduction	247
34.2 Method	248
34.2.1 Digital Image Correlation (DIC)	248
34.2.2 Experiment Setup	248
34.3 Representative Results	249
34.4 Conclusion and Future Work	250
References	251
35 Holographic Interferometry: Then and Now	253
35.1 Discovery	253
35.1.1 Off-Axis Holography	253
35.1.2 Holographic Interferometry	254
35.1.3 Characteristic Fringe Functions and Separable Object Motions	256
35.2 The Search for Applications	256
35.3 Recording Materials	257
35.3.1 Photographic Film	257
35.3.2 Thermoplastic Holograms	257
35.4 The Speckle Interferometer	257
35.5 Heterodyne Interferometry	258
35.6 Phase Stepping and Digital Holography	258
35.7 Conclusion	259
References	259

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