21 Evaluation of Mass-Spring-Damper Models for Dynamic Interaction Between Walking Humans and Civil Structures 177 21.5 Conclusions This paper, compares the performance of six experimentally-developed HSI models of walking people available in the literature. The simulated vibration responses are compared with measured vibration responses pertinent to four test subjects walking on a full-scale laboratory footbridge. It is concluded that utilising any of these models can improve considerably the accuracy of the vibration responses, and some of them performed slightly better than the others. It is found also that utilising a HSI model of walking people with a reliable walking force model can produce even better accuracy. Acknowledgements The authors are grateful for the College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences in the University of Exeter for the financial support they provided for the first author and his PhD programme. The authors would also like to acknowledge the financial support provided by the UK Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) for grant reference EP/E018734/1 (‘Human Walking and Running Forces: Novel Experimental Characterization and Application in Civil Engineering Dynamics’). References 1. Zivanovic, S., Pavic, A., Reynolds, P.: Vibration serviceability of footbridges under human-induced excitation: a literature review. J. Sound Vib. 279(1–2), 1–74 (2005) 2. Brownjohn, J.M.W., Racic, V., Chen, J.: Universal response spectrum procedure for predicting walking-induced floor vibration. Mech. Syst. Signal Process. 1–15 (2015) 3. Pavic, A., Zivanovic, S.: Key elements for probabilistic framework for estimation of structural vibration due to human-structure dynamic interaction. In: Third International Conference on Structural Engineering, Mechanics and Computation (2007) 4. Živanovic´, S.: Modelling human actions on lightweight structures: experimental and numerical developments. In: Feltrin, G. (ed.) EVACES 2015, p. 1005 (2015) 5. Shahabpoor, E., Pavic, A., Racic, V.: Interaction between walking humans and structures in vertical direction: a literature review. Shock Vib. 2016, 12–17 (2016) 6. Jiménez-Alonso, J.F., Sáez, A.: A direct pedestrian-structure interaction model to characterize the human induced vibrations on slender footbridges. Inf. Constr. 66(1), 1–9 (2014) 7. Shahabpoor, E., Pavic, A., Racic, V.: Identification of mass–spring–damper model of walking humans. Structures. 5, 233–246 (2016) 8. da Silva, F.T., Pimentel, R.L.: Biodynamic walking model for vibration serviceability of footbridges in vertical direction. In: Eurodyn 2011, pp. 1090–1096 (2011) 9. Toso, M.A., Gomes, H.M., da Silva, F.T., Pimentel, R.L.: Experimentally fitted biodynamic models for pedestrian–structure interaction in walking situations. Mech. Syst. Signal Process. 1–17 (2015) 10. Van Nimmen, K., Maes, K., Živanovic´, S., Lombaert, G., De Roeck, G., Van den Broeck, P.: Identification and Modelling of Vertical HumanStructure Interaction, pp. 319–330. Springer, New York (2015) 11. Zhang, M., Georgakis, C.T., Qu, W., Chen, J.: SMD Model Parameters of Pedestrians for Vertical Human-Structure Interaction, pp. 311–317. Springer International Publishing, New York (2015) 12. Brownjohn, J.M.W., Fok, P., Roche, M., Omenzetter, P.: Long span steel sedestrian bridge at Singapore Changi Airport—part 2: crowd loading tests and vibration mitigation measures. Struct. Eng. 82(16), 28–34 (2004) 13. Lou, J., Zhang, M., Chen, J.: Identification of Stiffness, Damping and Biological Force of SMD Model for Human Walking, pp. 331–337. Springer, New York (2015) 14. da Silva, F., Fernandes, B., Pimentel, R.: Modeling of crowd load in vertical direction using biodynamic model for pedestrians crossing footbridges. Can. J. Civ. Eng. 40, 1196–1204 (2013) 15. Zivanovic, S., Pavic, A., Ingolfsson, E.T.: Modeling spatially unrestricted pedestrian traffic on footbridges. J. Struct. Eng. 136, 1296–1308 (2010)
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