46 Fig. 5.6 Comparison of the average maximum load between non-perforated and perforated steel joints Fig. 5.7 ( a ) Catastrophic failure of a perforated SH specimen, showing selected frames from the high speed camera video (time proceeds from left to right as indicated by the frame number; the time between frames is 1/16,000 s), ( b ) schematic representation of the failure seen in the images Numerical Experimental Ideal First lap failure assumed First lap failure observed REF 48 40 32 24 16 8 0 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 Force (kN) 0.2 0.25 0.35 0.3 SH Extensometer displacement (mm) Fig. 5.5 Comparison between the numerical predictions and measured experimental loaddisplacement response curves, comparing non-perforated (REF) and perforated (SH) steel joints E.I. Avgoulas and M.P. Sutcliffe
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