Advancement of Optical Methods in Experimental Mechanics, Volume 3

Preface	6
Contents	8
Contributors	12
Chapter 1: A General Mathematical Model to Retrieve Displacement Information from Fringe Patterns	17
1.1 Introduction	17
1.2 Two Dimensional Sinusoidal Functions	19
1.3 The Monogenic 2D Signal	23
1.4 The Riesz Transform	25
1.5 Retrieval of the Monogenic Vector	26
1.6 Generalized Hilbert Transform for Signal Phase Retrieval	28
1.7 Transition from the Continuum to Actual Signals	29
1.8 Process of Phase Recovery	32
1.9 Application Examples	33
1.10 Summary and Conclusions	38
References	40
Chapter 2: Full-Field High-Strain Evaluation from Wrapped ESPI Data Using Phasors	41
2.1 Introduction	41
2.2 Proposed Strain Calculation Approach	42
2.3 Measurement Setup	43
2.4 Phase Filtering	44
2.5 Example Experimental Measurements	46
2.6 Discussion	47
2.7 Conclusions	48
References	50
Chapter 3: Dynamic Deformation with Static Load	51
3.1 Introduction	51
3.2 Experimental Arrangement	52
3.3 Results and Discussion	53
3.4 Summary	55
References	55
Chapter 4: Full-Field Digital Holographic Vibrometry for Characterization of High-Speed MEMS	57
4.1 Introduction	57
4.2 Methods	58
4.2.1 2+N Local Phase Correlation (LC) Method	58
4.2.2 Continuous Phase Sampling Approach	58
4.2.3 Modular Interferometric Station (MIS)	59
4.3 Deformable MEMS Mirror Device (DMD)	60
4.3.1 Device Capabilities	60
4.3.2 Control System	60
4.4 Representative Results	60
4.5 Conclusions and Future Work	60
References	62
Chapter 5: Surface Orientation Measurement Using Sampling Moire Method	64
5.1 Introduction	64
5.2 Principle of Sampling Moire Method	65
5.3 Method to Measure Surface Orientation	66
5.4 Experiment	66
5.5 Conclusions	69
References	69
Chapter 6: DD-DIC: A Parallel Finite Element Based Digital Image Correlation Solver	70
6.1 Introduction	70
6.2 Finite Element Digital Image Correlation	71
6.3 A Non-overlapping Dual Domain Decomposition Method	72
6.4 Mechanical Regularization	73
6.5 Conclusion	74
References	74
Chapter 7: A New In Situ Planar Biaxial Far-Field High Energy Diffraction Microscopy Experiment	75
7.1 Introduction	76
7.1.1 Background	76
7.2 Methods	76
7.2.1 Experimental Setup	76
7.2.2 Finite Element Analysis Approach	77
7.2.3 Specimen Preparation	78
7.3 Results and Discussion	78
7.3.1 Specimen Design	78
7.3.1.1 Geometries	78
7.3.1.2 Diffraction Considerations	79
7.3.1.3 Mechanical Behavior	79
7.3.1.4 Experimental Validation	82
7.3.2 HEDM Grain Mapping	82
7.4 Conclusions	83
References	83
Chapter 8: Thermal Strain Measurement Using Digital Image Correlation with Systematic Error Elimination	85
8.1 Introduction	85
8.2 Eliminating Error in Displacement Obtained by DIC	86
8.3 Experiment	87
8.4 Result of DIC	88
8.5 Conclusions	89
References	90
Chapter 9: Investigating the Tensile Response of Materials at High Temperature Using DIC	91
9.1 Introduction	91
9.2 Experimental	92
9.3 Identification of Temperature-Dependent Constitutive Response	92
9.4 Results and Discussion	93
9.5 Summary	96
References	96
Chapter 10: Hybrid Stereocorrelation for 3D Thermomechanical Field Measurements	97
10.1 Introduction	97
10.2 Experimental Setup	98
10.3 Stereocorrelation	98
10.4 Results and Discussions	100
10.5 Conclusions and Perspectives	102
References	102
Chapter 11: Experimental Characterization of the Mechanical Properties of 3D Printed ABS and Polycarbonate Parts	103
11.1 Introduction	104
11.2 Fabrication Methods, Experimental Set-Ups, and Procedures	106
11.2.1 Materials and Specimen Fabrication	106
11.2.2 Testing Machine and Experimental Set-Up	107
11.2.3 Experimental Procedure	108
11.3 Results	109
11.3.1 Tension	109
11.3.2 Shear	113
11.4 Conclusion	118
References	118
Chapter 12: Experimental Determination of Transfer Length in Pre-stressed Concrete Using 3D-DIC	120
12.1 Introduction	120
12.2 Experimental Setup	121
12.2.1 Specimen Surface Preparation for DIC	123
12.2.2 Stereo Camera Calibration and Image Acquisition	124
12.3 Result and Discussions	124
12.3.1 Measurement of Transfer Length	124
12.4 Conclusions	124
References	126
Chapter 13: Hybrid Infrared Image Correlation Technique to Deformation Measurement of Composites	127
13.1 Introduction	127
13.2 Materials and Methods	127
13.2.1 IRT Experimental System	127
13.2.2 Specimens and Tests	128
13.2.3 Image Processing	129
13.3 Test Results and Discussion	129
13.4 Conclusion	131
References	131
Chapter 14: DIC Anisotropic Denoising Based on Uncertainty	132
14.1 Introduction	132
14.2 Method	133
14.3 DIC Challenge Sample 14	134
14.4 DIC Challenge Sample 12	136
14.5 Conclusion	137
References	137
Chapter 15: An Applications-Oriented Measurement System Analysis of 3D Digital Image Correlation	138
15.1 Introduction	138
15.2 Materials and Methods	139
15.2.1 Experimental Setup	139
15.2.2 Measurement Process	140
15.3 Uncertainty Sources	140
15.3.1 MSA Scope	140
15.3.2 Displacement Uncertainty Due to the Calibration	141
15.3.3 Displacement Uncertainty Due to the Speckle Pattern	141
15.3.4 Displacement Uncertainty Due to Image Noise	141
15.3.5 Displacement Uncertainty Due to DIC Computations	142
15.4 Results and Discussion	142
15.5 Conclusions	144
References	145
Chapter 16: Preliminary Study on Determination Pointing-Knowledge of Camera-Pair Used for 3D-DIC	146
16.1 Introduction	146
16.2 Experimental Setup	147
16.3 Results and Discussions	147
16.3.1 2D DIC	148
16.3.2 3D DIC	150
16.4 Conclusions	152
References	153
Chapter 17: Analysis of Dynamic Bending Using DIC and Virtual Fields Method	154
17.1 Introduction	154
17.2 Experimental	155
17.3 Ultra-High Speed Imaging and DIC	156
17.4 Full-Field Displacement and Strain	156
17.5 Viscoplastic Constitutive Parameter Identification	157
17.6 Summary	161
References	161
Chapter 18: Elimination of Periodical Error for Bi-directional Displacement in Digital Image Correlation Method	162
18.1 Introduction	162
18.2 Periodical Error Elimination	163
18.3 Experiment	164
18.4 Results and Discussion	164
18.5 Conclusion	166
References	166
Chapter 19: The Cluster Approach Applied to Multi-Camera 3D DIC System	167
19.1 Introduction	167
19.2 DIC Using the Cluster Approach	167
19.3 DIC Multi Camera Setup Using Four Cameras	169
19.4 DIC Multi Camera Setups in One Side Arrangement	169
19.4.1 Component Testing	171
19.5 Hemisphere Testing	172
19.6 Conclusion	172
References	173
Chapter 20: Self-adaptive Isogeometric Global Digital Image Correlation and Digital Height Correlation	174
20.1 Introduction, Motivation, and Goal	174
20.2 Digital Image Correlation	175
20.3 NURBS Shape Functions	175
20.4 Hierarchical Refinement	176
20.5 Adaptive Refinement in 2D Isogeometric Digital Image Correlation	177
20.6 Adaptive Refinement in 3D Isogeometric Digital Height Correlation (DHC)	179
20.7 Conclusions	180
References	180
Chapter 21: Ultrasonic Test for High Rate Material Property Imaging	182
21.1 Introduction	182
21.2 Objectives and Methodology	183
21.3 Results and Analysis	183
21.4 Conclusion	184
References	184
Chapter 22: The Virtual Fields Method to Rubbers Under Medium Strain Rates	186
22.1 Introduction	186
22.2 Simulation	189
22.3 Experiment	192
22.4 Conclusions	193
References	194
Chapter 23: Inertial Impact Tests on Polymers for Inverse Parameter Identification	195
23.1 Introduction	195
23.2 Experimental Methods	195
23.3 Virtual Fields Method	196
23.4 Results and Discussion	197
References	198
24: Full-Field Identification Methods: Comparison of FEM Updating and Integrated DIC	199
24.1 Introduction	199
24.2 Full-Field Identification Methods	200
24.2.1 FEM Updating	200
24.2.2 Integrated DIC	200
24.2.3 Load Residuals	201
24.3 Virtual Experiment	202
24.4 Results and Conclusions	202
References	205
Chapter 25: Finite Element Stereo Digital Image Correlation Measurement for Plate Model	206
25.1 Introduction	206
25.2 Physical Quadrature Formulation	207
25.3 Mechanical Regularization	207
25.4 Conclusion	208
References	209
Chapter 26: Measurement of Orthogonal Surface Gradients and Reconstruction of Surface Topography from Digital Gradient Sensing...	210
26.1 Introduction	210
26.2 Experimental Setup and Working Principles	210
26.3 Wafer Subjected to Central Loading	211
26.4 Conclusion	213
References	213
Chapter 27: Opportunities for Inverse Analysis in Dynamic Tensile Testing	214
27.1 Introduction	214
27.2 Results	215
27.2.1 Ringup	215
27.2.2 Equilibrium Deformation	217
27.2.3 Necking	218
27.3 Conclusions	218
References	219
Chapter 28: Determination of the Dynamic Strain Hardening Parameters from Acceleration Fields	220
28.1 Introduction	220
28.2 Identification Procedure	220
28.2.1 Logarithmic (True) Strain	220
28.2.2 Constitutive Model	221
28.2.3 The Virtual Fields Method	221
28.2.4 Speed and Acceleration	222
28.3 FE Simulation	222
28.3.1 FE Model	222
28.3.2 Effect of Strain Rates	223
28.4 A Novel High Speed Tensile Tester	224
28.4.1 Impact Frame High Speed Test (IFHS Tests)	224
28.4.2 Experiments	224
28.5 Conclusion	225
References	225
Chapter 29: Image-Based Inertial Impact Tests on an Aluminum Alloy	226
29.1 Introduction	226
29.2 The Virtual Fields Method	227
29.3 Methods	228
29.3.1 Validation Using Simulated Measurements	228
29.3.2 Experimental Protocol	228
29.3.3 Data Processing	229
29.4 Results and Discussion	229
29.5 Conclusions	230
References	230
Chapter 30: Inverse Material Characterization from 360-Deg DIC Measurements on Steel Samples	231
30.1 Introduction	231
30.2 Experimental Setup and Test Methodology	232
30.3 Validation of Constitutive Laws, Experimental Results, and Discussion	233
30.4 Conclusions	236
References	236
Chapter 31: Identification of Plastic Behaviour and Formability Limits of Aluminium Alloys at High Temperature	238
31.1 Introduction	238
31.2 Materials and Experimental Techniques	239
31.2.1 Materials	239
31.2.2 Experimental Tests	239
31.3 Optical Methods	240
31.4 Results	242
31.5 Conclusions	244
References	246
Chapter 32: Accurate Strain Distribution Measurement Based on the Sampling Moiré Method	247
32.1 Introduction	247
32.2 Principle	248
32.2.1 Principle of the Sampling Moiré Method	248
32.2.2 Compensation of Fringe Order to Improve Strain Measurement Accuracy	250
32.2.3 Adaption of Spatial Filtering (Sine/Cosine Average Filter) to Reduce Random Noise	250
32.3 Experiment	251
32.3.1 Specimen and Grid Fabrication	251
32.3.2 Experimental Setup and Analysis Condition	251
32.3.3 Experimental Results	252
32.4 Conclusions	253
References	253
Chapter 33: Full-Field Measurements of Principal Strains and Orientations Using Moiré Fringes	254
33.1 Introduction	254
33.2 Strain Measurement Methods	255
33.2.1 Normal and Shear Strains from Scanning Moiré Method	255
33.2.2 Principal Strains from Analysis of Strain Status	256
33.3 Materials and Loading Experiments	256
33.3.1 Specimen Preparation and Mechanical Properties	256
33.3.2 Grating Fabrication and Loading Test in SEM	257
33.4 Strain Distributions and Discussion	258
33.4.1 SEM Moiré Fringes and Displacement Distributions	258
33.4.2 Distributions of Normal and Shear Strains	259
33.4.3 Distributions of Principal Strains and Orientations	261
33.5 Conclusions	262
References	262
Chapter 34: A Self-Recalibrated 3D Vision System for Accurate 3D Tracking in Hypersonic Wind Tunnel	263
34.1 Introduction	263
34.2 Theory	264
34.2.1 The Non-iterative Method	264
34.2.2 The Orthogonal Iterative Method	265
34.3 Experiments	266
34.3.1 Synthetic Experiments	266
34.3.2 Experiments and Applications in Hypersonic Wind Tunnel	267
34.4 Conclusions	270
References	271
Chapter 35: Evaluating Stress Triaxiality and Fracture Strain of Steel Sheet Using Stereovision	272
35.1 Introduction	272
35.2 Evaluation Methods of the Stress Triaxiality	273
35.3 Experimental Method	274
35.4 Experimental Results	275
35.5 Discussion	277
35.6 Conclusions	277
References	278
Chapter 36: Shadowgraph Optical Technique for Measuring the Shock Hugoniot from Standard Electric Detonators	279
36.1 Introduction	279
36.2 Theory Background	280
36.2.1 Air Shock Characterization	281
36.2.2 Initiation Strength: Energy Fluence	282
36.3 Experimental Procedure	282
36.3.1 Number #6: Detonator with Fluid-Desensitizing Function and Number #8: Electric SP	282
36.3.2 Shadowgraph Technique	283
36.3.2.1 Retro-Reflective Shadowgraphy Experimental Methods	283
36.3.3 Pressure Gauges	284
36.4 Results and Discussion	284
36.4.1 Camera Results	284
36.4.2 Gauge Measurements	285
36.4.3 Air Shock Properties and Energy Fluence	288
36.5 Conclusion	292
References	292
Chapter 37: Assessment of Fringe Pattern Normalisation for Twelve Fringe Photoelasticity	294
37.1 Introduction	294
37.2 Normalisation of Isochromatic Image	295
37.3 Isochromatic Demodulation by Image Normalisation	295
37.3.1 High Fringe Gradient Zones	296
37.3.2 Low Fringe Gradient Zones	297
37.4 Conclusions	297
References	298
Chapter 38: Novel Scanning Scheme for White Light Photoelasticity	299
38.1 Introduction	299
38.2 Fringe Resolution Guided Scanning Scheme	300
38.2.1 Creation of Resolution Map	300
38.2.2 Experimental Isochromatic Colour Images	301
38.2.3 Scanning Scheme	301
38.3 Results and Discussions	303
38.4 Conclusions	304
References	304
Chapter 39: Investigation of Non-equibiaxial Thin Film Stress by Using Stoney Formula	305
39.1 Introduction	305
39.2 Theory	306
39.2.1 Stoney Formula [6]	306
39.2.2 Four-Step Phase Shifting in Photoelasticity	306
39.3 Experimental Setup	307
39.4 Results and Discussions	308
39.5 Conclusions	309
References	316
Chapter 40: ESPI Analysis of Thermo-Mechanical Behavior of Electronic Components	318
40.1 Introduction	318
40.2 Materials and Methods	319
40.3 Results and Discussion	320
40.4 Conclusions	322
References	322
Chapter 41: Shear Banding Observed in Real-Time with a Laser Speckle Method	324
41.1 Introduction	324
41.2 Method Description	325
41.2.1 Optical Detection of Shear Bands by DynaMat Laser Speckle Measurement System	325
41.2.2 The Reference Method: Scanning Electron Microscopy	325
41.2.3 The Specimen Preparation	326
41.2.4 The Measurements	326
41.3 Results	326
41.4 Discussion	327
41.5 Conclusion	328
References	329
Chapter 42: Numerical and Experimental Eigenmode Analysis of Low Porosity Auxetic Structures	331
42.1 Introduction	331
42.2 Fabrication of the Samples	332
42.3 Experimental Procedures and Methods	333
42.4 Results and Discussions	334
42.5 Conclusions	337
References	337

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