Dynamic Behavior of Materials, Volume 1

Preface	5
Contents	6
Contributors	9
Chapter 1: Atomistic Simulation of a Two-Dimensional Polymer Tougher Than Graphene	14
1.1 Introduction	14
1.2 Establishing the Structure of Graphylene	15
1.3 Elastic Modulii of Graphylene	15
1.4 Initiation of Mode-I Crack Growth in GrE-2 Graphylene	16
1.5 Conclusions	18
References	18
Chapter 2: Transverse Compression Response of Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene Single Fibers	19
2.1 Introduction	19
2.2 Experimental Set up	20
2.3 Results and Discussion	20
2.4 Conclusions	23
References	24
Chapter 3: Morphology and Mechanics of the Young Minipig Cranium	26
3.1 Introduction	26
3.2 Specimen Collection and Morphological Analysis	27
3.3 Compression Loading and Mechanical Parameters	27
3.4 Relating Morphology and Mechanics	28
3.5 Conclusions	29
References	30
Chapter 4: Dynamic Characterization of Nitronic 30, 40 and 50 Series Stainless Steels by Numerical Analysis	31
4.1 Introduction	31
4.1.1 Grades of Nitronic Stainless Steel [2]	32
4.1.2 Experimental Details	33
4.2 Results	33
4.2.1 Modeling and Simulations	33
4.3 Conclusions	35
References	39
Chapter 5: Mechanical Response of T800/F3900 Composite at Various Strain Rates	40
5.1 Introduction	40
5.2 Experiments	40
5.3 Results	44
5.4 Conclusion	45
References	45
Chapter 6: Full-Field Temperature and Strain Measurement in Dynamic Tension Tests on SS 304	46
6.1 Introduction	46
6.2 Experimental Procedures and Techniques	47
6.2.1 Specimen Geometry and Material	47
6.2.2 Full-Field Thermal Imaging and Calibration	49
6.3 Experimental Results	50
6.4 Summary and Conclusions	53
References	53
Chapter 7: Dynamic Fracture Response of a Synthetic Cortical Bone Simulant	54
7.1 Introduction	54
7.2 Experimental	55
7.2.1 Materials and Fabrication	55
7.2.2 Testing	55
7.3 Results and Discussion	56
7.4 Summary	57
References	58
Chapter 8: Fracture Response of Cross-Linked Epoxy Resins at High Loading Rate as a Function of Glass Transition Temperature	59
8.1 Introduction	59
8.2 Experimental	61
8.2.1 Materials	61
8.2.2 High Rate Fracture Experiments	62
8.3 Results and Discussion	63
8.3.1 Crack Propagation Velocity	63
8.3.2 Failure Load and Energy	63
8.4 Conclusions	64
References	65
Chapter 9: Measurement of Dynamic Response Parameters of an Underdamped System	67
9.1 Introduction	67
9.2 Analytical Model	68
9.2.1 Equation of Motion	68
9.2.2 Determination of Damping Ratio Fig.9.1	68
9.3 Experimenatal Study	69
9.3.1 Pluck Test	69
9.3.2 High Speed Digital Image Correlation	69
9.3.2.1 Specimen Preparation and Calibration	69
9.3.2.2 High-Speed Measurement	69
9.3.3 Laser Vibrometer	71
9.3.4 Single Axis Accelerometer	72
9.4 Results and Discussion	73
9.5 Conclusion	74
References	74
Chapter 10: Dynamic Penetration and Bifurcation of a Crack at an Interface in a Transparent Bi-Layer: Effect of Impact Velocity	76
10.1 Introduction	76
10.2 Specimen Geometry and Sample Preparation	76
10.3 Experimental Details	77
10.4 Crack Path Selection	78
10.5 Optical Measurements	79
10.6 Work-In-Progress	79
10.7 Conclusion	79
References	81
Chapter 11: Influence of Loading Rate on Fracture Strength of Individual Sand Particles	82
11.1 Introduction	82
11.2 Materials and Experimental Setup	83
11.3 Results and Discussion	84
11.4 Summary and Conclusions	85
References	86
Chapter 12: Arrested Compression Tests on Two Types of Sand	88
12.1 Introduction	88
12.2 Materials Tested	88
12.3 Arrested Testing Technique	89
12.4 Stress-Strain Behavior of Sands	89
12.5 Particle Damage	91
12.6 Conclusions	91
References	92
Chapter 13: Composite Plate Response to Shock Wave Loading	94
13.1 Introduction	94
13.2 Thin Composite Plate Response to Pressure Loading	95
13.3 Experimental Facilities	97
13.4 Boundary Conditions	98
13.4.1 Clamped	98
13.4.2 Bolted	99
13.4.3 Quasi-Simply Supported	100
13.5 Test Specimens	101
13.6 Optical System and Setup	102
13.7 TRC-SDIC Validation	103
13.7.1 Static Tests	103
13.7.2 Dynamic Tests with Shock Impact	105
13.7.3 Results From the Time-Resolved Catadioptric Stereo Digital Image Correlation-Composite Specimen	106
13.8 The Effects of Boundary Conditions	106
13.9 Conclusions	108
References	109
Chapter 14: Initial Experimental Validation of an Eulerian Method for Modeling Composites	110
14.1 Introduction	110
14.2 Multiple Constituent Model	111
14.3 Equation of State Coupling	113
14.4 Numerical Simulations	113
14.5 Results and Discussion	115
14.6 Conclusions	116
References	116
Chapter 15: Characterization of High Strain Rate Dependency of 3D CFRP Materials	118
15.1 Introduction	118
15.1.1 Dynamical Testing Machine	119
15.2 Dynamic Tensile Specimen	119
15.2.1 Minimization of the Tensile Specimen Geometry	119
15.2.2 Experimental Validation	120
15.3 Experimental Dynamic Tensile Tests	121
15.3.1 Warp Tensile Tests	121
15.3.2 Weft Tensile Tests	122
15.4 Conclusions	122
References	123
Chapter 16: High-Strain Rate Compressive Behavior of a Clay Under Uniaxial Strain State	124
16.1 Introduction	124
16.2 Experimental	125
16.3 Results and Discussion	126
16.4 Conclusions	128
References	128
Chapter 17: Mesoscopic Modelling of Ultra-High Performance Fiber Reinforced Concrete Under Dynamic Loading	130
17.1 Introduction	130
17.2 Tested Concrete	131
17.2.1 Composition of UHPC	131
17.2.2 Mixing and Casting of UHPC and Concrete Samples	131
17.3 Experimental Results	131
17.4 DFH Anisotropic Damage Model	132
17.5 Numerical Simulations	133
17.6 Conclusion	135
References	135
Chapter 18: Comparison of Failure Mechanisms Due to Shock Propagation in Forged, Layered, and Additive Manufactured Titanium A...	137
18.1 Introduction	137
18.2 Experimental Setup	138
18.2.1 Two-Stage Light Gas Gun	138
18.2.2 Materials	138
18.2.3 Testing	139
18.3 Results and Discussion	140
18.4 Conclusion	144
References	144
Chapter 19: Instrumented Penetration of Metal Alloys During High-Velocity Impacts	145
19.1 Introduction	145
19.2 Experimental	146
19.3 Results and Discussion	147
19.3.1 High-Speed Imaging	147
19.3.2 Edge-On (2D) Image Analysis	147
19.3.3 Digital Image Correlation (DIC)	148
19.3.4 Phonon Doppler Velocimetry	149
19.4 Discussion	149
19.5 Conclusions	151
References	151
Chapter 20: Confined Underwater Implosions Using 3D Digital Image Correlation	152
20.1 Introduction	152
20.2 Experimental Setup	152
20.2.1 Implodable Volume and Open-Ended Confining Tube	152
20.2.2 Calibration of 3-D Digital Image Correlation Technique for Cylindrical Window	153
20.3 Experimental Results and Discussion	154
20.4 Conclusions	155
References	156
Chapter 21: Response of Composite Cylinders Subjected to Near Field Underwater Explosions	157
21.1 Introduction	157
21.2 Materials	158
21.3 Experimental Set-up	158
21.4 Experimental Methodology	158
21.5 Results and Discussion	159
21.6 Summary and Conclusions	160
References	161
Chapter 22: Microstructural Effects on the Spall Properties of 5083 Aluminum: Equal-Channel Angular Extrusion (ECAE) Plus Cold...	162
22.1 Introduction	162
22.2 Materials and Experimental Methods	163
22.2.1 Materials	163
22.2.2 Plate Impact Experiments	163
22.3 Results and Discussion	163
22.4 Summary	167
References	167
Chapter 23: Experimental Study of the Dynamic Fragmentation in Transparent Ceramic Subjected to Projectile Impact	168
23.1 Introduction	168
23.2 Experimental Configuration	168
23.3 Edge-On Impact Tests Performed with the C Axis Parallel to the Impact Direction	169
23.4 Edge-On Impact Tests Performed with the C Axis Orthogonal to the Impact Direction	169
23.5 Conclusion	169
References	173
Chapter 24: Instrumented Projectiles for Dynamic Testing	174
24.1 Measurements of Dynamic Forces	174
24.2 The Innovation of an Instrumented Projectile (IP)	174
24.3 Research for Improving Experimental Accuracy	175
24.4 Horizontal Impact Testing Method for Comparing Tests between the Instrumented Projectile (IP) and a Gas Gun	176
24.5 Vertical Impact Testing Method for Comparing Tests Between the Instrumented Projectile (IP) and a Long Bar	177
24.6 Conclusions	178
Reference	178
Chapter 25: NIST Mini-Kolsky Bar: Historical Review	179
25.1 Introduction	179
25.2 Background: Dynamic Material Properties	180
25.3 Background: Novel Testing Techniques Sessions at SEM Annual Meetings	182
25.4 NIST´s Mini-Kolsky Bar	183
25.5 Unanswered Questions	183
25.6 Outline for Uncertainty Budget	184
25.7 Conclusions and Future Work	185
References	185
Chapter 26: A General Approach to Evaluate the Dynamic Fracture Toughness of Materials	186
26.1 Introduction	186
26.2 Experimental Approach	187
26.2.1 Material and Specimen Geometry	187
26.2.2 Experimental Setup	188
26.2.3 High Speed Imaging and Digital Image Correlation	188
26.3 Numerical Analysis	189
26.4 Result and Discussion	190
26.5 Conclusion	194
References	194
Chapter 27: Which One Has More Influence on Fracture Strength of Ceramics: Pressure or Strain Rate?	196
27.1 Introduction	196
27.2 Mechanisms of Deformation in Brittle Solids	198
27.3 Proposed Model	198
27.4 Influence of Pressure and Strain Rate	199
27.5 Validation	200
27.6 Conclusion	202
References	202
Chapter 28: Dynamic Strength and Fragmentation Experiments on Brittle Materials Using Theta-Specimens	204
28.1 Introduction	204
28.2 Methodology	205
28.3 Results and Discussion	206
28.4 Conclusions	208
References	208
Chapter 29: DTEM In Situ Mechanical Testing: Defects Motion at High Strain Rates	209
29.1 Introduction	209
29.2 High Strain Rate TEM Holder	210
29.3 Sample Preparation	210
29.4 Imaging in Movie Mode with the DTEM	211
29.5 Conclusion	212
References	213
Chapter 30: High-Strain-Rate Deformation of Ti-6Al-4V Through Compression Kolsky Bar at High Temperatures	214
30.1 Introduction	214
30.2 Experimental Procedure	214
30.3 Results and Discussion	215
30.4 Conclusions	218
References	218
Chapter 31: Parametric Study of the Formation of Cone Cracks in Brittle Materials	220
31.1 Introduction	220
31.2 Selected Oblique Impact Experimental Results	221
31.3 Numerical Modeling of Sphere Impacts on Glass Targets	223
31.4 Conclusions	225
References	225
Chapter 32: Shockless Characterization of Ceramics	227
32.1 Introduction	227
32.2 Principle of the GEPI Machine	228
32.3 Quasi-Isentropic Compression Experiments	229
32.4 Spalling Experiments	231
32.5 Conclusion	233
References	234
Chapter 33: Dynamic Hyper Elastic Behavior of Compression Shock Loaded Vibration Dampers	235
33.1 Introduction	235
33.1.1 Features of the Behavior of a Solid Rubber	235
33.1.1.1 Generalized Neo-Hookean Solid	236
33.1.1.2 Generalized Mooney-Rivlin Solid	236
33.1.1.3 Generalized Polynomial Rubber Elasticity Potential	236
33.1.1.4 Ogden Model	237
33.1.1.5 Arruda-Boyce Model	237
33.1.2 Experimentation	237
33.1.3 Finite Element Modeling	237
33.2 Results and Discussions	237
33.3 Curve Fits	243
33.3.1 Static Behavior of Rubber Under Varying Loads	243
33.4 Transient Analysis	243
33.5 Transient Analysis for Compression	245
33.5.1 2 Newtons	245
33.5.2 4 Newtons	245
33.5.3 6 Newtons	245
33.5.4 8 Newtons	245
33.6 Stresses and Strain of Nodes	246
33.6.1 2 Newtons	246
33.6.2 4 Newton	246
33.6.3 6 Newtons	246
33.6.4 8 Newtons	248
33.7 Conclusions	248
References	249
Chapter 34: Specimen Size Effect on Stress-Strain Response of Foams Under Direct-Impact	250
34.1 Introduction	250
34.2 Materials and Methods	251
34.3 High Speed Imaging and Digital Image Correlation	251
34.4 Data Analysis	252
34.5 Full-Filed Deformation Response	253
34.6 Inertia Stress and the Local Constitutive Curves	255
34.7 Summary	257
References	257
Chapter 35: Texture Evolution of a Fine-Grained Mg Alloy at Dynamic Strain Rates	259
35.1 Introduction	259
35.2 Experimental Procedures	260
35.3 Modeling Framework	261
35.4 Results and Discussion	261
35.5 Conclusions	265
References	265
Chapter 36: Failure Processes Governing High Rate Impact Resistance of Epoxy Resins Filled with Core Shell Rubber Nanoparticles	267
36.1 Introduction	267
36.2 Experimental	268
36.3 Results and Discussion	269
36.3.1 Effect of CSR Particles on Ballistic and Quasistatic Performance as a Function of Glass Transition Temperature	269
36.3.2 Effect of CSR Particle Size and Surface Functionality on Ballistic and Quasistatic Performance of DGEBA-D230 Resin	270
36.3.3 Damage Types Associated with Ballistic Impact	272
36.3.4 High Speed Videography of Ballistic Failure Events	273
36.3.5 Fracture Surface Analysis of DGEBA-D230 Modified with Various CSR Particle Types	274
36.3.6 Correlations Between Quasistatic and Ballistic Performance	275
36.4 Conclusions	277
References	278
Chapter 37: Ballistic Response of Polydicyclopentadiene vs. Epoxy Resins and Effects of Crosslinking	280
37.1 Introduction	280
37.2 Results and Discussion	281
37.3 Conclusion	284
References	284

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