Dynamics of Civil Structures, Volume 2

Preface	6
Contents	8
1 Damage Assessment of Steel Structures Using Multi-Autoregressive Model	10
1.1 Introduction	10
1.2 Structural Model and Instrumentation	11
1.3 Methods on Damage Identification	11
1.3.1 Damage Detection Using Migration of Autoregressive Model Coefficients	12
1.3.2 Enhanced Time-Frequency Analysis for Damage Location Identification	15
1.4 Conclusions	16
References	17
2 Damage Detection with Symplectic Geometry Spectrum Analysis in Changing Environment	18
2.1 Introduction	18
2.2 Theoretical Basis and Procedure of the SGSA	19
2.2.1 Embedding	19
2.2.2 Orthogonal Symplectic QR Decomposition	19
2.2.3 Components Grouping	20
2.2.4 Diagonal Averaging	20
2.3 Application of the SGSA to a Simply Supported Beam	20
2.3.1 Brief Introduction of the Model	20
2.3.2 Temperature Variation and the First Natural Frequency of the Beam	20
2.3.3 Damage Identification of the Simply Supported Beam	21
2.4 Conclusions	23
References	24
3 Compressive Sensing Strategies for Multiple Damage Detection and Localization	25
3.1 Introduction	25
3.2 Multiple Damage Detection Using Hierarchical Compressive Sampling	26
3.3 Multiple Damage Detection Using Block-Wise Compressive Sampling	26
3.4 Numerical Validation	27
3.5 Results and Discussion	27
3.6 Conclusion	29
References	30
4 Structural Damage Detection Through Vibrational Feature Analysis with Missing Data	31
4.1 Introduction	31
4.2 Missing Data Analysis	32
4.3 Damage-Sensitive Features	34
4.4 Experimental Setup	35
4.5 Results and Discussion	35
4.6 Conclusions	37
References	37
5 Structural Assessment of a School Building in Sankhu, Nepal Damaged Due to Torsional Response During the 2015 Gorkha Earthquake	39
5.1 Introduction	39
5.2 Structural Details, Seismic Damage and Instrumentation Layout	41
5.2.1 4-Story Infilled RC School Building	41
5.2.2 Observed Damage	41
5.3 Damage Assessment Using Laser Scanning	41
5.3.1 Estimation of Global Deformation from Laser Scans	43
5.3.2 Identification of Significant Surface Defects	43
5.3.3 Instrumentation Layout for Ambient Vibration Recordings	44
5.4 System Identification	45
5.5 Numerical Model	47
5.5.1 Comparison of Modal Parameters	47
5.6 Conclusions	48
References	49
6 Damage Detection Optimization Using Wavelet Multiresolution Analysis and Genetic Algorithm	50
6.1 Introduction	50
6.2 Wavelet Packet	51
6.2.1 Wavelet Packet Decomposition	51
6.3 Damage Identification Procedure	52
6.4 Numerical Investigation	52
6.4.1 Finite Element Method Analysis	52
6.4.2 Results and Discussion	53
6.5 Experimental Verification	53
6.5.1 Experimental Results	53
6.6 Conclusions	54
References	54
7 A Novel Acoustoelastic-Based Technique for Stress Measurement in Structural Components	56
7.1 Introduction	56
7.2 Model Development	57
7.3 Results and Discussion	58
7.3.1 Excitation Signal Selection	58
7.3.2 Effects of Uncertainties in Material Properties	61
7.4 Conclusions	62
References	63
8 A Machine Learning Framework for Automated Functionality Monitoring of Movable Bridges	64
8.1 Introduction	64
8.2 Structural Health Monitoring System for Sunrise Bridge	65
8.2.1 Mechanical Monitoring System	65
8.2.1.1 Gearbox	65
8.3 A Machine Learning Framework for Long-Term Assessment of Machinery Components	65
8.3.1 Moving Principal Component Analysis (MCA)	65
8.3.2 The Proposed Framework for Long-Term Monitoring	66
8.3.3 Long-Term Condition Monitoring of Gearbox	67
8.3.3.1 Analysis of the Maintenance Report	67
8.3.3.2 Correlation of Eigenvector and Gearbox Maintenance Actions	68
8.4 Conclusion	70
References	70
9 Non-Model-Based Damage Identification of Plates Using Curvature Mode Shapes	71
9.1 Introduction	71
9.2 Methodology	72
9.2.1 Principal CMSs of Plates	72
9.2.2 Multi-Scale Discrete Differential-Geometry Scheme	74
9.2.3 CMS-Based Damage Indices	76
9.2.4 Approximation of MSs of an Undamaged Plate	78
9.3 Numerical Investigation	80
9.4 Conclusion	82
References	83
10 Ambient Vibration Testing of Two Highly Irregular Tall Buildings in Shanghai	93
10.1 Introduction	93
10.2 Descriptions of the Buildings	93
10.2.1 The Multi-Function Building (MFB)	93
10.2.2 The Shanghai International Design Center (SIDC)	94
10.3 Ambient Vibration Testing of the Buildings	95
10.3.1 Introduction	95
10.3.2 AV Testing of MFB	96
10.3.3 AV Testing of SIDC	97
10.4 System Identification and Results	98
10.5 Conclusions	100
References	100
11 Development of an Acoustic Sensing Based SHM Technique for Wind Turbine Blades	101
11.1 Introduction	101
11.2 Problem Definition	102
11.3 Computational Investigation of the Cavity Acoustics	102
11.3.1 Acoustic Modal Analysis	102
11.3.2 Far-Field Directivity Analysis	103
11.4 Experimental Investigation	105
11.4.1 Test Results from a Non-rotating Blade	107
11.4.2 Results from a Rotating Blades	108
11.5 Conclusions	109
References	109
12 Damage Location by Maximum Entropy Method on a Civil Structure	111
12.1 Introduction	111
12.2 Linear Approximation to Maximum Entropy Principle	112
12.3 Case Study	114
12.3.1 Numerical Model	114
12.3.2 Experimental Model	114
12.4 Construction of the Database	116
12.4.1 Characteristic Vector	116
12.4.2 Observation Vector	117
12.5 Damage Assessment Results	117
12.6 Conclusions	120
References	121
13 Making Structural Condition Diagnostics Robust to Environmental Variability	122
13.1 Introduction	122
13.2 Experimental Procedure	123
13.3 Diagnosis of Structural Damage in the Presence of Environmental Variability	125
13.4 Rendering the Damage Assessment Robust to Modeling Lack-of-Knowledge	129
13.5 Conclusion	134
References	134
14 Experimental Dynamic Characterization of Operating Wind Turbines with Anisotropic Rotor	136
14.1 Introduction	136
14.2 Theoretical Background	137
14.3 Experimental Techniques for LPTV Systems	138
14.3.1 Multiblade Coordinate (MBC) Transformation	138
14.3.2 Harmonic OMA (Frequency Domain) or H-OMA-FD	139
14.3.3 Harmonic OMA (Time Domain) or H-OMA-TD	140
14.3.4 Selection of M	141
14.4 Application to Anisotropic Rotor	142
14.4.1 Application to a Simple Six Degree-of-Freedom System	142
14.4.2 Application to Data from Simulated Vestas V27 with Introduced Rotor Anisotropy	144
14.4.3 Application to Data Measured on Vestas V27 Wind Turbine	146
14.5 Conclusion and Further Research	147
References	148
15 Exploring Environmental and Operational Variations in SHM Data Using Heteroscedastic Gaussian Processes	149
15.1 Introduction	149
15.2 Manifold Learning for Dimensionality Reduction	149
15.3 Gaussian Processes for SHM Novelty Detection	150
15.4 The Z24 Bridge Example	151
15.5 Strategy and Results	152
15.6 Conclusion	155
References	156
16 Ambient Vibration Testing of a Super Tall Building in Shanghai	158
16.1 Introduction	158
16.2 Description of the Shanghai Tower	159
16.3 Description of the Ambient Vibration Testing	159
16.4 Natural Frequencies and Mode Shapes	162
16.5 Discussions	162
16.6 Conclusions	164
References	165
17 Inelastic Base Shear Reconstruction from Sparse Acceleration Measurements of Buildings	166
17.1 Introduction	166
17.2 Output-Only Base Shear Recovery	167
17.2.1 Nonlinear Seismic Isolation System	167
17.2.2 Base Shear Recovery from Total Accelerations	168
17.2.3 Singular Spectrum Analysis	169
17.2.3.1 Assemble SSA components	170
17.2.3.2 Principal Components from SVD	170
17.2.3.3 Principal Components Interpolation	170
17.3 Numerical Simulations	171
17.3.1 Nonlinear Behavior Modeled by Duffing Oscillator	172
17.3.2 Nonlinear Impact Force	172
17.3.3 Hysteretic Behavior	172
17.4 Conclusions	174
References	175
18 Vibration Testing for Bridge Load Rating	177
18.1 Introduction	177
18.1.1 Conventional Methods of Load Rating	178
18.1.2 Vibration Testing of Bridges	180
18.1.3 Vibration-Calibrated Model-Based Load Rating	180
18.1.4 Discussion and Future Research	183
18.2 Conclusions	185
References	185
19 Finite Element Model Updating of French Creek Bridge	187
19.1 Introduction	187
19.2 Description of the French Creek Bridge	187
19.3 Ambient Vibration Testing and Results	188
19.4 Finite Element Modeling of the Bridge	189
19.5 Manual Model Updating	191
19.5.1 Sensitivity Analysis	193
19.5.2 Model Updating	194
19.5.3 Results and Discussion	194
19.6 Conclusion	194
References	195
20 Damage Detection of a Bridge Model After Simulated Ground Motion	196
20.1 Introduction	196
20.2 Modal-Based SHM and Application to Bridges	197
20.3 Experimental Tests on a Scaled Bridge Model	198
20.4 Conclusions	203
References	203
21 Bridge Assessment Using Weigh-in-Motion and AcousticEmission Methods	205
21.1 Introduction	205
21.2 Traffic Loading and Acoustics Monitoring	206
21.2.1 Introduction to Combined BWIM AE Monitoring	206
21.2.2 Bridge Weigh-in-Motion	206
21.2.3 Acoustic Emission (AE)	207
21.2.3.1 Interpretation of Acoustic Emission Data	209
21.3 Field Tests and Results	211
21.3.1 About the Bridge	212
21.3.2 Tests Performed	212
21.3.3 Test Results	213
21.4 Concluding and Remarks	214
References	214
22 Model-Based Estimation of Hydrodynamic Forces on the Bergsoysund Bridge	216
22.1 Introduction	216
22.2 Theory	217
22.3 Case Study: The Bergsoysund Bridge	219
22.3.1 Structure and Sensor Network	219
22.3.2 Simulation Model	220
22.3.3 Identification Model	221
22.4 Force Estimation	223
22.5 Concluding Remarks	225
References	226
23 Operational Modal Analysis and Model Updating of Riveted Steel Bridge	228
23.1 Introduction and Background	228
23.2 Finite Element Model	229
23.3 System Identification	230
23.4 Model Updating	231
23.4.1 Updating Algorithm	231
23.4.2 Updating Parameters	232
23.5 Results and Discussion	232
23.6 Conclusion and Further Work	233
References	233
24 Full-Scale Measurements on the Hardanger Bridge During Strong Winds	235
24.1 Introduction	235
24.2 Characteristics of the Wind Field	236
24.2.1 General	236
24.2.2 One-Point Spectra of Turbulence	237
24.2.3 Spatial Properties of Turbulence	240
24.3 Dynamic Response	241
24.4 Conclusion	242
References	243
25 Finite Element Model Updating of Portage Creek Bridge	244
25.1 Introduction	244
25.2 Description and the Finite Element Model of the Bridge	244
25.3 Ambient Vibration Test and Modal Analysis	246
25.4 Finite Element Model Updating	247
25.5 Summary, Discussion and Future Work	249
References	250
26 Seismic Behavior of Partially Prestressed Concrete Structures	251
26.1 Introduction	251
26.2 Numerical Analysis	252
26.2.1 Sample Description	252
26.2.2 Loading Procedure	252
26.2.3 Type of Elements	254
26.2.4 Failure Criteria of Concrete	255
26.3 Parametric Study	256
26.3.1 Nonlinear Static Push-Over Analysis	256
26.3.2 Nonlinear Static Cyclic Analysis	257
26.3.3 Nonlinear Dynamic Time-History Analysis	257
26.4 Conclusion	260
References	260
27 Estimating Effective Viscous Damping and Restoring Force in Reinforced Concrete Buildings	261
27.1 Introduction	261
27.2 Background	261
27.3 Overview of Studied Laboratory Experiments and Observations	262
27.4 Estimating the Hysteretic Behaviour of the Test Structures	267
27.5 Conclusions	267
References	269
28 Design of Metamaterials for Seismic Isolation	270
Nomenclature	270
28.1 Introduction	270
28.2 Theoretical Background	271
28.2.1 Infinitely Periodic Mechanical System: Dispersion Relation	271
28.2.2 Finitely Periodic Mechanical System: FRFs	272
28.2.3 Implementation	273
28.3 Parametric Analysis	273
28.3.1 Parameters Used in the Simulations	274
28.3.1.1 1D Case	274
28.3.1.2 2D Case	274
28.3.1.3 Influence of the External Stiffness on the Dispersion Relation	275
28.3.2 FRFs of Finitely Periodic Unit Cells	276
28.3.2.1 1D Case	276
28.3.2.2 2D Case	277
28.3.2.3 The Effect of Damping on the FRFs	277
28.3.2.4 Influence of the External Stiffness on the FRFs	278
28.3.3 Structural Response of Finitely Periodic Unit Cells	278
28.3.3.1 1D Case	278
28.3.3.2 2D case	280
28.3.3.3 Influence of the External Stiffness on the Structural Response	281
28.4 Conclusion	281
References	282
29 Genetic Algorithm use for Internally Resonating Lattice Optimization:Case of a Beam-Like Metastructure	283
29.1 Introduction	283
29.2 Genetic Algorithms	284
29.3 The Parameters Governing Chiral Lattice Inserts	285
29.4 The Optimization Process	286
29.5 Numerical Demonstration	287
29.6 Conclusions	288
References	289
30 Vibration Transmission Through Non-Structural Partitions Between Building Floor Levels	290
30.1 Introduction	290
30.2 Test Structure: The Charles Institute at University College Dublin	291
30.3 Vibration Transmission Due to Mechanical Excitation	291
30.4 Vibration Transmission Due to Simulated Walking	292
30.5 Discussion of Results	294
30.6 Conclusions	294
References	294
31 Hybrid Time/Frequency Domain Identification of Real Base-Isolated Structure	296
31.1 Introduction	296
31.2 Experimental Measurement Data	297
31.3 Modeling Approach	298
31.3.1 Frequency Domain Identification	299
31.3.2 Time Domain Identification	300
31.4 Results and Discussion	300
31.4.1 Identification	300
31.4.2 Validation	302
31.5 Conclusions	303
References	304
32 The Use of OMA for the Validation of the Design of the Allianz Tower in Milan	305
32.1 Introduction	305
32.2 Description of the Structure	306
32.3 Modeling and Analysis	307
32.3.1 Modeling Assumptions	307
32.3.2 Eigenvalue Analysis Results	308
32.4 Experimental Analysis	308
32.4.1 Description of the Tests	308
32.4.2 Test Results and Comparison with Numerical Analysis	310
32.4.3 Damping Estimation with and Without Additional Dampers	315
32.5 Conclusions	316
References	316
33 Transfer Length Probabilistic Model Updating in High Performance Concrete	317
33.1 Introduction	317
33.2 Background	318
33.2.1 Transfer Length Models	318
33.2.2 Model Updating	318
33.3 Experimental Test Description	318
33.4 Results	320
33.5 Conclusions	321
References	321
34 Multi-Shaker Modal Testing and Modal Identification of Hollow-Core Floor System	323
34.1 Introduction	323
34.2 Background	324
34.3 Structural Description	324
34.4 Modal Testing	325
34.4.1 Instrumentation and Data Acquisition	325
34.4.2 Measurements	325
34.4.3 Reciprocity Check	327
34.5 Modal Analysis	330
34.6 Conclusions	332
References	332

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