146 O.F. Usluogullari et al. Fig. 15.8 Average ground settlements near to adjacent buildings during excavation Fig. 15.9 Average settlement results at top of piles At top of piles and near to adjacent building corners, a wavy vertical movement was observed at soil when all survey points are investigated in one graph (Figs. 15.6 and 15.7). To observe the generalized behavior of soil movement the average results on relevant dates were selected and compared to three dimensional static finite element analysis as shown in Figs. 15.8 and 15.9. According to these figures as excavation proceeded to lower levels, the ground settlements near to buildings increased continuously (Fig. 15.8) and the pile retaining walls began to settle (Fig. 15.9) when excavation was completed. After completion of the base slabs, the excavation induced vertical movements tended to stabilize around 1 mm. To verify the developed finite element model, the predicted values were compared with the inclinometer readings and level survey measurements. Material properties shown in Tables 15.1 and 15.2 were used in three dimensional modeling and vertical movements at building corners and top of piles were estimated. Comparison of estimated vertical movement increments near to buildings and measured in-situ settlements are shown in Fig. 15.8. As shown in Figs. 15.8 and 15.9, predicted settlements successfully simulate the actual behavior of piles till end of excavation. Although in this study post excavation behavior of soil have not been observed, with a numerical time-dependent consolidation analysis post-excavation behavior of soil can be evaluated by further studies. 15.4.3 Lateral Deformations In excavation induced movements major concern is the lateral movements caused by stress relief of soil next to excavated area. Those soils tend to replace the excavated soil and result with an active earth pressure. The averages of three inclinometer readings regarding to associated measurement dates are shown in Fig. 15.10. The results illustrated in Fig. 15.10 shows that after excavation measurements reaches to 6.5 m levels lateral movement tend to increase and reaches two times more than previous stages, then increment of the movement reduce with adding anchors. This may be the result of, after curing of
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