Dynamics of Civil Structures, Volume 2

Preface	6
Contents	8
1 Determination of Modal Properties of an Irregular 20-Story Concrete Shear Wall Building	11
1.1 Introduction	11
1.2 Experimental Phase	12
1.3 System Identification and Test Results	13
1.4 Frequency Domain Decomposition (FDD)	14
1.5 Enhanced Frequency Domain Decomposition (EFDD)	15
1.6 Curve-Fit Frequency Domain Decomposition (CFDD)	16
1.7 Frequency Domain Operating Deflection Shapes (ODS)	16
1.8 Summary of Results	17
1.9 Mode Shapes	17
1.10 Discussion of Results	18
References	20
2 Effect of Foundation Rocking on the Dynamic Characteristics of a 30-StoryConcrete Shear Wall Building	21
2.1 Introduction	21
2.2 Experimental Phase	22
2.3 System Identification and Test Results	22
2.4 Frequency Domain Decomposition (FDD)	23
2.5 Enhanced Frequency Domain Decomposition (EFDD)	24
2.6 Curve-Fit Frequency Domain Decomposition (CFDD)	25
2.7 Frequency Domain Operating Deflection Shapes (ODS)	27
2.8 Detecting the Foundation Rocking Components of the Modes	28
2.9 Summary of the Results and Discussion	30
2.10 Concluding Remarks	31
Appendix	31
References	40
3 Ambient Vibration Testing of a 4-Storey Parking Garage	41
3.1 Introduction	41
3.2 Ambient Vibration Tests	42
3.3 Data Processing	42
3.4 Effect of Mass of Vehicles	46
3.5 Conclusions	47
References	48
4 Blind Source Separation: A Generalized Modal Identification Tool for Civil Structures	49
4.1 Introduction	49
4.2 Background	50
4.2.1 Sparse BSS	50
4.3 Details of the Algorithm	51
4.3.1 Decentralized Case	52
4.3.2 Presence of Narrowband Excitation	53
4.3.2.1 Modal Information Synthesis from Partial Mode Information	54
4.4 Numerical Study	54
4.4.1 Construction of the Full Mixing Matrix from Partial Mixing Coefficients	56
4.5 Conclusions	56
References	56
5 Developments with Motion Magnification for Structural Modal Identification Through Camera Video	58
5.1 Introduction	58
5.2 Derivation	59
5.2.1 Real-Time Motion Magnification	59
5.2.2 Operational Deflection Shape Extraction Methods Adapted to Camera Data	60
5.3 Results	61
5.3.1 Real-Time Motion Magnification	61
5.3.2 Quantitative ODS Extraction from Camera Video	62
5.4 Conclusion	63
References	65
6 Interactive Platform to Include Human-Structure Interaction Effects in the Analysis of Footbridges	67
6.1 Introduction	67
6.2 Problem Formulation	68
6.3 Experiment Design and Data Collection	69
6.4 Sap2000 Application Programming Interface	71
6.5 Conclusions	72
References	72
7 Comparing Closed Loop Control Models and Mass-Spring-Damper Models for Human Structure Interaction Problems	74
7.1 Introduction	74
7.2 Background	75
7.2.1 HSI Modelling	75
7.2.2 Mass-Spring-Damper (MDS) Models	75
7.2.3 Controller Models	75
7.2.4 Model Updating	76
7.3 Experimental Setup	77
7.3.1 Instrumentation and Tests	78
7.3.2 Structural Parameters	78
7.4 Results	78
7.5 Conclusions	79
References	81
8 Stochastic Load Models and Footbridge Response	82
Nomenclature	82
8.1 Introduction	82
8.2 Dynamic Characteristics of Bridges	83
8.3 Modelling of Walking Loads	84
8.3.1 The Load Model	84
8.3.2 Models for Dynamic Load Factors	84
8.3.3 Models for Other Parameters in the Load Model	85
8.4 Calculation of Bridge Responses and Probability Distribution Functions	85
8.5 Results	85
8.5.1 Implications of Choices Made About Number of Degrees of Freedom and Number of Harmonics in Load Model	85
8.5.2 Implications of Other Choices: Perspectivation	87
8.6 Conclusion and Discussion	87
References	88
9 Pedestrian Induced Lateral Vibrations with Emphasis on Modal Energy Transfer	89
9.1 Introduction	89
9.2 Operational Modal Analysis for Dynamic Assessment of the Pedestrian Induced Response	90
9.3 Power Spectral Density (PSD) Estimation	90
9.4 Short-Time Fourier Transform (STFT) and Spectrogram Analysis	90
9.5 Full Scale Measurements at the Lardal Bridge	91
9.6 Instrumentation and Data Acquisition	92
9.7 Pedestrian Induced Vibrations	92
9.8 Conclusions	95
References	96
10 Implications of Interaction Between Humans and Structures	98
Nomenclature	98
10.1 Introduction	98
10.2 Experiments	99
10.2.1 The Tests	99
10.2.1.1 Tests and Determination of Floor Damping	99
10.2.2 Results	100
10.2.3 Discussion	100
10.3 Numerical Case Study	101
10.3.1 The Interaction Model	101
10.3.2 The Load Model	101
10.3.3 Calculated Floor Response	102
10.4 Conclusion and Discussion	102
References	102
11 A Correlation Analysis Regarding the Temperature Effect for a Suspension Bridge	104
11.1 Introduction	104
11.2 Bridge-Measurement	104
11.2.1 The Gwang-An Bridge	104
11.2.2 Bridge Measurement System	105
11.3 Analysis Results	106
11.3.1 Results of Long-Term Measurements	106
11.3.2 FFT Analysis	107
11.3.3 The Results of Dynamic Characteristics Analysis Using the GNSS and Accelerometer	109
11.3.4 Correlation Analysis Between Temperature and Natural Frequency	109
11.4 Conclusions	110
References	111
12 Total Load Effects of Portal Frame Bridges in High-Speed Railway Lines	112
12.1 Introduction	112
12.2 Numerical Model	113
12.3 Analysis of Norra Kungsvägen Bridge	115
12.3.1 Bridge and Model Description	115
12.3.2 Maximum Acceleration	115
12.3.3 Influence of Speed	117
12.4 Bridge Stock Analysis	118
12.5 Conclusions	119
References	120
13 Monitoring Wind Velocities and Dynamic Response of the Hardanger Bridge	122
13.1 Introduction	122
13.2 Prediction of Frequencies and Damping Ratios	123
13.2.1 Self-Excited Forces	123
13.2.2 The Eigenvalue Problem	125
13.3 Field Testing	127
13.4 Operational Modal Analysis	128
13.5 Concluding Remarks	129
References	130
14 Modal Analysis of a Floating Bridge Without Side-Mooring	131
14.1 Background	131
14.1.1 The Bergsøysund Bridge	132
14.1.2 Dynamic Testing	132
14.2 Numerical Model and Eigenvalue Solution	133
14.2.1 Linear Frequency Domain Model	133
14.2.2 System Matrices	134
14.3 Modal Analysis	136
14.3.1 Test Set-up	136
14.3.2 Pre-processing of Recordings	136
14.3.3 Modal Analysis: Frequency Domain Decomposition	137
14.3.4 Modal Analysis: Covariance-Driven Stochastic Subspace Identification	137
14.4 Concluding Remarks	139
References	139
15 Investigation of a Novel Pseudo Ambient Vibration Testing Approach	141
15.1 Introduction	141
15.2 Description of the Investigation	142
15.2.1 Test Structure	143
15.2.2 Test Setup and Measurement Equipment	143
15.3 Vibration Test Cases and Dynamic Excitation	143
15.4 Data Analysis and Results	145
15.5 Discussion	146
15.6 Conclusions and Recommendations	148
References	148
16 Ambient Vibration Testing of Historic Steel-Composite Bridge, the E. Torroja Bridge, for Structural Identification and Finite Element Model Updating	150
16.1 Introduction. Description of the Structure	150
16.2 Finite Element Modeling	152
16.2.1 Effects of the Change in Original Design	152
16.2.2 Current Design's FEM Model	154
16.3 Operational Modal Analysis	155
16.4 Finite Element Model Updating	155
16.5 Conclusion	157
References	158
17 Tuning of Finite Element Models of Multi-girder Composite Structures	159
17.1 Introduction	159
17.2 Description of the Structures	161
17.2.1 VX01 Bridge	161
17.2.2 MUZZA Bridge	162
17.3 Numerical Analysis: Structural Model and Engineering Assumptions	163
17.4 Experimental Campaign	165
17.5 Numerical and Experimental Result Comparison	166
17.6 Model Tuning Activity	166
17.7 Concluding Remarks	168
References	172
18 A Bayesian State-Space Approach for Damage Detection and Classification	173
18.1 Introduction	173
18.2 Experimental Setup	174
18.3 Theory	175
18.3.1 State-Space Switching Interaction Model (SSIM)	175
18.3.1.1 Inference in SSIM and LG-SSIM	178
18.3.2 Classification with SSIM	179
18.4 Results	180
18.4.1 Single Column Results	180
18.4.2 3-Story 2-Bay Structure Results	182
18.5 Conclusion	184
Appendix: Matrix Normal Inverse Wishart Prior	184
References	185
19 Iterative Spatial Compressive Sensing Strategy for Structural Damage Diagnosisas a BIG DATA Problem	186
19.1 Introduction	186
19.2 Damage Detection Using Hypothesis Testing on Spatial Correlation of Random Samples	187
19.3 Ant Colony Optimization Based Aggregation Algorithm for Damage Localization	188
19.4 Numerical Validation	188
19.5 Conclusion	190
References	190
20 Numerical Enhancement of Nonlinear Model Tracking for Health Monitoring	192
20.1 Introduction	192
20.2 Methodology	193
20.3 Theoretical Model	193
20.4 Experimental Setup	194
20.5 Continuous Time Identification	195
20.6 Linear Parameter Estimation	196
20.7 Numerical Integration	196
20.8 Strain Gage Application	196
20.9 Results	197
20.10 Conclusions	198
References	200
21 A Material Basis Frame Approach for Global Deflection Reconstruction of Rod-Like Structures from Strain Measurements	201
21.1 Introduction	201
21.2 Kinematic Modeling and Solution Approach	202
21.3 Validation of the Approach	205
21.4 Summary	207
References	207
22 Influence of Prestressing Strand Damage on Modal Parameters of a Hybrid Composite Bridge Beam	208
22.1 Introduction	208
22.2 Details of Experimental Test Program	209
22.2.1 Structural Details	209
22.2.2 Experimental Modal Analysis	210
22.3 System Identification	211
22.3.1 Modal Parameter Estimates and Changes in Modal Parameters Following Damage	212
22.3.2 Application of a Data-Driven SHM Index	214
22.4 Summary	215
References	216
23 Data-Driven Structural Damage Identification Using DIT	217
23.1 Introduction	217
23.2 Time Series Analysis for Damage Detection	218
23.3 Stiffness Estimation Based on Substructural Modeling	218
23.4 Damage Identification Toolsuite (DIT)	219
23.5 Damage Detection Using DIT	220
23.5.1 Comparison of Several Damage Features	220
23.5.2 Stiffness Estimation Using FDRM	221
23.5.3 Threshold Construction Methods	222
23.6 Conclusions	223
References	223
24 Modal Identification of Superconducting Magnetic Levitating Bogie	225
24.1 Introduction	225
24.2 UAQ4 System	226
24.3 Identification of Constitutive Magnetic Mechanism	226
24.4 Modal Identification of the Bogie	228
24.5 Modal Identification Results	228
24.6 Model	229
24.7 Numerical Results	234
24.8 Conclusions	234
References	234
25 Uplift-Monitoring for Dynamic Assessment of Electrical Railway Contact Lines	235
25.1 Introduction	235
25.2 Railway Catenary Systems	236
25.3 Case Study: Alna Railway Station, Oslo	236
25.3.1 Maximum Displacement	238
25.3.2 The Speed of the Train	238
25.3.3 Dynamic Behaviour	239
25.4 Conclusion	241
References	242
26 Finite Element Model Updating Using an Evolutionary Markov Chain Monte Carlo Algorithm	243
26.1 Introduction	243
26.2 The Bayesian Formulation	244
26.3 The Evolutionary MCMC Algorithm	245
26.3.1 Mutation	246
26.3.2 Crossover	246
26.3.3 Exchange	247
26.4 Application: Unsymmetrical H-Shaped Structure	247
26.4.1 H-Beam Simulation	247
26.5 Conclusion	250
References	251
27 Formal Analysis of Critical Infrastructures by Structural Identification Using Constraint Programming Paradigm	252
27.1 Introduction	252
27.2 Methodology	253
27.3 Numerical Example	255
27.3.1 Application to Partially Described Eigenvalue Problem with Incompletely Measured Mode Shapes	257
27.3.2 Generation of Multiple Solutions	258
27.4 Summary	259
References	260
28 Model Updating of a Nine-Story Concrete Core Wall Building	261
28.1 Introduction	261
28.2 Description of Structure	261
28.3 Summary of Ambient Vibration Test Results	262
28.4 Finite Element Model	263
28.4.1 Material Properties	263
28.4.2 Elements	264
28.4.3 Modal Analysis Results	264
28.5 Finite Element Model Updating	265
28.5.1 Response Quantities	265
28.5.2 Parameters to Update	266
28.5.3 Results	267
28.6 Summary	267
References	267
29 Numerical Study and Experimental Validation of a Method for Model Updating of Boundary Conditions in Beams	268
29.1 Introduction	268
29.2 Problem Formulation	269
29.2.1 Methodology	270
29.3 Numerical Validation	271
29.3.1 Numerical Example	271
29.3.2 Model Selection	272
29.3.3 Correlation Analysis	272
29.4 Results	273
29.5 Conclusions	275
References	276
30 Coordination of Groups Jumping to Popular Music Beats	277
30.1 Introduction	277
30.2 Data Collection and Analysis	278
30.3 Data Analysis and Results	278
30.3.1 Correlation Coefficients	279
30.3.2 Synchronisation Analysis in Frequency Domain	279
30.4 Summary and Conclusions	280
References	282
31 Effects of People Occupancy on the Modal Properties of a Stadium Grandstand	283
31.1 Introduction	283
31.2 The Structure	284
31.3 Experimental Setup	285
31.3.1 Football Matches	285
31.3.2 Concerts	286
31.4 Football Matches Analysis	286
31.4.1 Frequency Domain Analysis	286
31.4.2 Time Domain Analysis	287
31.5 Concerts Analysis	288
31.5.1 Frequency Domain Analysis	288
31.5.2 Time Domain Analysis	289
31.6 Model of Human-Structure Interaction	290
31.6.1 Milan-Barcelona and Inter-Milan	291
31.6.2 Milan-Parma	291
31.6.3 Milan-Lazio	291
31.7 Conclusions	292
References	292
32 Serviceability Assessment of Two Different Stadium Grandstand During Different Events	293
32.1 Introduction	293
32.2 Structure Description	294
32.3 Considered Standards and Guidance	295
32.4 Events and Numerical Analysis	297
32.5 Concluding Remarks	303
References	303
33 SMD Model Parameters of Pedestrians for Vertical Human-Structure Interaction	305
33.1 Introduction	305
33.2 Experiment and Methodology	306
33.2.1 Description of the Structure	306
33.2.2 Footbridge Modal Analysis	307
33.2.3 Tests	307
33.2.4 Measurements	308
33.2.5 HSI Using an SMD Model for Pedestrians	308
33.3 Results	309
33.4 Discussion and Conclusions	310
References	311
34 Identification and Modelling of Vertical Human-Structure Interaction	312
34.1 Introduction	312
34.2 Dynamic Characteristics of the Human Body	313
34.2.1 Effect of Posture	313
34.2.2 Inter-Subject Variability	314
34.3 Coupled Human-Bridge Model	314
34.4 Experimental Identification of the Human Body Model Parameters	315
34.4.1 Method	315
34.4.2 Parameter Estimation	316
34.4.3 Results	317
34.5 Full-Scale Experimental Verification	318
34.5.1 Free Decay Analysis	318
34.5.2 Operational Modal Analysis	319
34.5.3 Characteristics of the Coupled Human-Bridge Model	319
34.5.4 Results	320
34.6 Conclusions	321
References	322
35 Identification of Stiffness, Damping and Biological Force of SMD Model for Human Walking	324
35.1 Introduction	324
35.2 Experiment	325
35.2.1 Test Procedures	325
35.2.2 Data Processing	325
35.3 Parameter Identification for SMD Model	326
35.3.1 SMD Model	326
35.3.2 Parameters Identification Procedure	327
35.3.3 Identification Results	328
35.4 Discussions	329
References	330
36 Producing Simulated Time Data for Operational Modal Analysis	331
36.1 Introduction	331
36.2 Methods	332
36.2.1 Modal Parameter Estimation Method	332
36.2.2 Generation of Excitation Forces	333
36.2.3 Note on Randomly Mixed and Identical Distribution	333
36.3 Experimental OMA Test	333
36.4 Simulations Cases	334
36.5 Results	335
36.5.1 Experimental Results	335
36.5.2 Simulation Results	335
36.5.3 Discussion	339
36.6 Conclusions	341
References	341
37 Evaluation of Damping Using Frequency Domain Operational Modal Analysis Techniques	343
37.1 Introduction	343
37.2 Identification Algorithms	344
37.3 Numerical Simulations and Results	344
37.4 Discussion	346
37.5 Summary	347
References	347
38 An Example of Correlation Matrix Based Mode Shape Expansion in OMA	348
38.1 Introduction	348
38.2 Correlation Matrix Theory	349
38.3 Expansion from a Smaller Set of DOF's	350
38.4 Panther Helicopter Test Case	350
38.5 OMA Results Using Expansion	353
38.6 Conclusions	354
References	354
39 Experimental vs Operational Modal Analysis: A Flyover Test Case	355
39.1 Introduction	355
39.2 Oglio Flyover and FEM	356
39.3 Numerical Analysis Results	357
39.4 Experimental Setup	357
39.5 Experimental Results	359
39.5.1 South Way	360
39.5.2 North Way	361
39.5.3 Results Comparison	363
39.6 Concluding Remarks	366
References	367
40 Operational Modal Analysis in the Presence of Harmonic Excitations: A Review	368
40.1 Introduction	368
40.2 Available Techniques and Common Assumptions	369
40.3 Statistics Driven Identification of the Harmonics	369
40.3.1 Probability Density Function	369
40.3.2 Kurtosis	371
40.4 Pre-processing Techniques	372
40.4.1 Non-parametric Removal of Disturbing Harmonics	372
40.4.2 Cepstrum Editing	373
40.4.3 Other Techniques	375
40.5 Identification Techniques	376
40.5.1 Reject Known Harmonics	376
40.5.2 Modified LSCE Method	376
40.6 Input Spectrum Independent Techniques	378
40.7 Wind Turbine Rotating at Nominal Speed	378
40.7.1 Probability Density Function	379
40.7.2 Kurtosis	380
40.7.3 Non-parametric Removal	381
40.7.4 Cepstrum Editing	381
40.7.5 Modified LSCE	382
40.8 Conclusions	382
References	383
41 Operational Modal Analysis of a Nine-Story Concrete Core Wall Building	385
41.1 Introduction	385
41.2 Description of Structure	385
41.3 Test Setup & Instrumentation	387
41.4 Operational Modal Analysis	389
41.5 Discussion	390
41.6 Summary	392
References	393
42 Numerical Study of Reduction in Vibrations Induced by Water-Pipe System	394
42.1 Introduction	394
42.1.1 Literature Review	394
42.1.2 The Present Study	395
42.2 Governing Theory	396
42.2.1 Structural Dynamics	396
42.2.2 Fluid-Structure Interaction	396
42.2.3 Component Mode Synthesis	397
42.2.4 Interface Reduction	398
42.2.5 Evaluation	398
42.3 Considered Materials	399
42.4 Finite Element Model	399
42.4.1 FSI	400
42.5 Model Order Reduction	401
42.6 Mitigation Strategies	403
42.6.1 Location of the Supports	403
42.7 Discussion and Future Work	404
References	406
43 Seismic Performance Assessment of Steel Frames Upgraded with Self-Centering Viscous Dampers	407
43.1 Introduction	407
43.2 Shape Memory Alloy Cables	408
43.3 High Damped Butyl Elastomer	410
43.4 Superelastic Viscous Damper	412
43.5 Numerical Models	413
43.5.1 Building Description	413
43.5.2 Analytical Models	415
43.5.3 Ground Motions	415
43.6 Nonlinear Response History Analyses	416
43.7 Conclusions	417
References	418
44 Performance Analysis of Cables with Attached Tuned-Inerter-Dampers	419
44.1 Introduction	419
44.2 Structural System	420
44.2.1 Cable Differential Equations	421
44.2.2 Finite Element Model	422
44.3 Analysis of Damper Systems Performance	422
44.4 Analysis of TID Systems Performance	423
44.5 Response to Vibrations Induced by Bridge Deck Motion: Performance Comparison	425
44.6 Conclusion	426
References	426
45 Numerical Investigation of Vibration Reduction in Multi-storey Lightweight Buildings	428
45.1 Introduction	428
45.1.1 Vibration Reduction Measures	428
45.1.2 Timber Volume Element Buildings	429
45.1.3 Objective	429
45.2 Properties of Elastomer Materials	430
45.3 Numerical Modelling	433
45.3.1 Model Reduction	434
45.4 Parametric Studies	435
45.4.1 Material Properties	435
45.4.2 Placement	436
45.5 Conclusions	437
References	438
46 Dynamic Compensators for Floor Vibration Control	439
46.1 Introduction	439
46.2 Actuator and Walkway Bridge Dynamics	440
46.3 Controller Designs	442
46.4 Analytical Studies	445
46.4.1 Uncontrolled and Controlled FRFS for Case (a)	446
46.4.2 Uncontrolled and Controlled FRFs for Case (b)	446
46.5 Conclusions	447
References	449
47 Active Tuned Liquid Column Gas Damper in Structural Control	450
47.1 Introduction	450
47.2 Absorber Dynamics	451
47.3 ATLCD Control	452
47.4 Experimental Results	453
47.5 Conclusions	455
References	455
48 Semiactive Vibration Control in a Three-Story Building-Like Structure Using a Magnetorheological Damper	457
48.1 Introduction	457
48.2 Description of the Building-Like Structure	458
48.3 Building-Like Structure with MR Damper	458
48.4 Polynomial Model of the MR Damper	459
48.5 Experimental Modal Analysis of the Building-Like Structure with MR Damper	460
48.6 Semiactive Vibration Control Using MPPF Control	461
48.7 Semiactive Vibration Control Using MPPF and Sliding Mode Control	462
48.8 Experimental Results Under Harmonic and Seismic-Type Ground Motion	463
48.9 Conclusions	464
References	464
49 Balancing Testing and Simulation for Design of a Research Facility	466
49.1 Introduction	466
49.2 Facility Description and Design Criteria	467
49.3 Methodology	468
49.3.1 Numerical Models	469
49.3.1.1 Model 1: Force-Based Predictions	469
49.3.1.2 Model 2: Measurement-Based Predictions	470
49.3.2 Vibration Testing	470
49.3.2.1 Point Source Transfer Mobilities	470
49.3.2.2 Site Vibration Decay Factors	471
49.3.2.3 Source Rail Measurements	471
49.3.3 Additional Modeling Assumptions	473
49.4 Assessment Results	473
49.5 Vibration Controls	473
49.5.1 Layout Revisions	474
49.5.2 Passive Control	475
49.5.3 Active Control	475
49.6 Concluding Remarks	476
References	476
50 Certain Uncertainties: Modelling Unusual Structures to Control Vibrations in Sensitive Areas	477
50.1 Introduction	477
50.2 Vibration Criteria	477
50.3 Case Study #1 – Historic Concrete Building	478
50.4 Case Study #2 – Large Private Residence	481
50.5 Conclusions	483
References	483
51 Predicting and Mitigating Ground-Borne Vibration Transmission to Elevated Floor Structures	484
51.1 Introduction	484
51.2 Description of Project	484
51.3 Description of Vibration Measurements	485
51.4 Vibration Measurement Results	486
51.5 Description of Numerical Model	488
51.6 Results from Numerical Model	488
51.7 Vibration Mitigation Options	489
51.8 Conclusions	491
References	492
52 Mitigation of Wind-Induced Vibration of the Pool-Deck Fence of a Condominium	493
52.1 Introduction	493
52.2 Investigation of Vibration Generation	494
52.2.1 FE Model	495
52.2.1.1 FE Model of the Fence	495
52.2.1.2 Modal Testing on the Fence	496
52.2.2 Vortex-Induced Vibration	496
52.2.2.1 Vortex-Induced Vibration Phenomenon	496
52.2.2.2 The Role of Vortex-Induced Vibration	499
52.2.3 Buffeting Vibration	500
52.2.3.1 Buffeting Phenomenon	500
52.2.3.2 Wind Pressure Measurement	500
52.2.3.3 Role of Buffeting	501
52.2.4 Galloping Vibration	502
52.2.4.1 Galloping Phenomenon	502
52.2.4.2 The Role of Galloping	502
52.3 Wind-Induced Vibration Mitigation	502
52.3.1 Mitigation Techniques	502
52.3.2 Experimental Testing on Modified Fence	504
52.4 Conclusion	505
References	507
53 Isolating a Scanning Electron Microscope from Chiller Unit Vibrations	508
53.1 Introduction	508
53.2 Background	509
53.2.1 Generic Vibration Criteria	509
53.2.2 Manufacturer Design Vibration Criteria and Suggested Layout	509
53.3 Overall Description of Case Study Building	510
53.4 Quiet Labs	511
53.5 Experimental Testing	512
53.5.1 Ambient Conditions	512
53.5.2 Shaker-Induced Conditions	513
53.6 Observations	516
53.6.1 Ambient Conditions	516
53.6.2 Shaker-Induced Conditions	517
53.7 Conclusions	517
References	517
54 Dynamic Characteristics of Double Layer Beam with Respect to Different Boundary Conditions	518
54.1 Introduction	518
54.2 Experiments	518
54.3 Conclusion	521
References	521
55 Evaluation of an Automatic Selection Methodology of Model Parameters from Stability Diagrams on a Damage Building	522
55.1 Introduction	522
55.2 Automatic Interpretation of Stabilization Diagrams	523
55.2.1 Single-Mode Validation Criteria	523
55.2.1.1 Distance Validation Criteria	523
55.2.1.2 Mode Shape Validation Criteria	524
55.2.1.3 Energy Validation Criteria	524
55.2.1.4 Hard Validation Criteria	525
55.2.2 First Stage	525
55.2.3 Second Stage	526
55.2.4 Third Stage	526
55.2.5 Fourth Stage	526
55.3 Case Study	527
55.4 Conclusions	529
References	529
56 Original Expression of Tension of a Cable	530
56.1 Introduction	530
56.2 Equations of Motion	531
56.3 Numerical Applications	532
56.4 Conclusions	533
References	534

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