Dynamic Behavior of Materials, Volume 1

Preface	6
Contents	8
Chapter 1: Tensile Properties of Dyneema SK76 Single Fibers at Multiple Loading Rates Using a Direct Gripping Method	11
1.1 Introduction	11
1.2 Experiments	12
1.3 Results	12
References	13
Chapter 2: Statistical Characterization of Single PPTA Fiber Tensile Properties from High Strain Rate Tests	15
2.1 Introduction	15
2.2 Stochastic Fiber Fracture Model	16
2.3 Experimental Procedure	16
2.3.1 Single Fiber Tensile Tests	16
2.4 Results and Discussion	17
2.4.1 Non-parametric Analysis of the Tensile Strengths	17
2.4.2 Distributional Fits: Parameter Estimates and Confidence Limits	17
2.4.3 Assessing Goodness of Fit	18
2.5 Concluding Remarks	18
References	18
Chapter 3: Static and Dynamic Thermo-Mechanical Behavior of Ti2AlC MAX Phase and Fiber Reinforced Ti2AlC Composites	19
3.1 Introduction	19
3.2 Material Fabrication	20
3.3 Quasi-Static Characterization	20
3.4 Dynamic Characterization	20
3.5 Fracture Toughness	21
3.6 Quasi-Static Fracture Initiation Toughness	21
3.7 Dynamic Fracture Initiation Toughness	22
3.8 Results and Discussion	23
3.9 Conclusion	23
References	24
Chapter 4: Effects of Spherical Nanoparticle Addition on Dynamic Properties of Polyamide 11	25
4.1 Introduction	25
4.2 Experimental Methods	26
4.2.1 Materials and Specimens	26
4.2.2 Dynamic Tensile Tests	27
4.3 Results and Discussion	27
4.4 Conclusions	29
References	30
Chapter 5: Latest Results in Novel Inertial High Strain Rate Tests	31
5.1 Introduction	31
5.2 The Virtual Fields Method in Dynamics	32
5.3 Experimental Set-up	32
5.4 Results	34
5.5 Conclusion	35
References	36
Chapter 6: DIC in Dynamic Punch Testing	37
6.1 Introduction	37
6.2 Experimental Setup	38
6.3 Results and Discussion	39
6.4 Summary and Conclusions	42
References	43
Chapter 7: Specimen Design to Study the Dynamic Response of an Amorphous Polymer	44
References	46
Chapter 8: Micro-Raman Spectroscopic Evaluation of Residual Microstresses in Reaction Bonded Boron Carbide Ceramics	48
8.1 Introduction	48
8.2 Materials	49
8.3 Experimental	50
8.4 Results and Discussion	50
8.5 Conclusions	52
References	52
Chapter 9: Dynamic Response of Human Wisdom Teeth and Temporary Fillers	53
9.1 Introduction	53
9.2 Method and Material	54
9.2.1 SHPB	54
9.3 Teeth Structure	55
9.4 Temporary Crown	55
9.5 Material Preparation	56
9.6 Results and Discussion	56
9.7 Conclusion	58
References	59
Chapter 10: In Situ and Postmortem Measures of Damage in Polymers at High Strain-Rates	60
10.1 Introduction	60
10.2 Dyn-Ten-Ext at LANL Taylor Gun Facility	61
10.3 Dyn-Ten-Ext at APS IMPULSE	63
10.4 Conclusions	65
References	65
Chapter 11: Application of High Speed Imaging in Particle Dynamics Study with Explosives	67
11.1 Introduction	67
11.2 Experimental Analysis	67
11.3 Theoretical Detonation Physics of ANFO	69
11.4 Other Findings	70
11.5 Conclusions	70
Chapter 12: Damage Assessment in Metal Plates by Using Laser Vibrometer Measurements	72
12.1 Introduction	72
12.2 Laser Vibrometry Measurements for Damage Detection	73
12.3 Damage Detection Methodology	73
12.4 Experimental Verification	74
12.5 Conclusions	76
References	76
Chapter 13: Uncertainty of Strain Gage Measurements on Kolsky Bars	78
13.1 Introduction	78
13.2 Measuring Strain Gage Output	79
13.2.1 Gage Factor	80
13.2.2 Wheatstone Bridge	80
13.3 Circuit Sensitivity	81
13.4 Uncertainty Analysis	83
13.5 Conclusions	85
References	86
Chapter 14: Full-Field Deformation Observation of Polymer Foam Subjected to Shock Loading	87
14.1 Introduction	87
14.2 Experimental	88
14.2.1 Material and Specimen Geometry	88
14.2.2 Quasi-Static Testing	88
14.2.3 Dynamic Testing	89
14.3 Results and Discussion	90
14.3.1 Quasi-Static Loading	90
14.3.2 Dynamic Loading	91
14.4 Summary	92
References	93
Chapter 15: Explosive Blast Loading of Biosimulants Through Ballistic Protective Materials	94
15.1 Introduction	94
15.2 Experimental Methods	95
15.3 Results and Discussion	97
15.4 Summary	98
Appendix	99
References	100
Chapter 16: The Hugoniot Relationships for Nonlinear Elastic Substances	101
16.1 Introduction	101
16.2 The Master System in the Lagrangian Coordinates	102
16.3 Singular Surfaces	103
16.4 The Integral Conservation Laws	103
16.5 The Hugoniot Adiabat	105
16.5.1 Weak Shock Waves	106
16.5.2 Weak Shock Waves in Isotropic Elastic Substance	107
16.6 Conclusion	107
References	107
Chapter 17: Blast Performance of Foam Filled Sandwich Panels Under Extreme Temperatures	108
17.1 Introduction	108
17.2 Materials and Specimen	109
17.2.1 Material	109
17.2.2 Specimen	110
17.3 Results and Discussion	111
17.4 Conclusions	112
References	112
Chapter 18: Dynamics and Shock Waves in Media with Second Order Phase Transformations	113
18.1 Introduction	113
18.2 Vertical Oscillations of a Heavy Two-Layered Liquid System with a Piecewise Constant Sound Speed	114
18.3 Equilibrium Density Distribution	115
18.4 Dispersion Equations	115
18.5 The Ehrenfest Theory of the Second Order Phase Transformations	116
18.6 The Shock Waves in the Ehrenfest Liquid	117
18.7 Weak Shock Waves in Liquid Substances Undergoing Second Order Phase Transformations	118
18.8 Discussion and Conclusion	119
References	120
Chapter 19: Structural Changes in Lipid Vesicles Generated by the Shock Waves: Dissipative Particle Dynamics Simulation	121
19.1 Introduction	121
19.2 Model and Methods	122
19.3 Results and Discussion	123
19.4 Conclusion	125
References	125
Chapter 20: Effect of Threaded Joint Preparation on Impact Energy Dissipation Using Frequency-Based Kolsky Bar Analysis	127
20.1 Introduction	127
20.2 Impact Energy Analysis in the Frequency Domain	128
20.3 Experiments	129
20.4 Conclusion	131
References	132
Chapter 21: Experimental Observation of Slip Pulses During Onset of Sliding Friction	133
21.1 Introduction	133
21.2 Experimental Methods	134
21.2.1 Sample Preparation	134
21.2.2 Photoelasticity	135
21.2.3 Digital Image Correlation (DIC)	135
21.3 Results	136
21.4 Conclusions	139
References	139
Chapter 22: Observation of Dynamic Deformation Behavior Around Interface of Bi-material Using DIC	141
22.1 Introduction	141
22.2 Bi-material	142
22.3 Impact Test and Observation	142
22.4 Observation Result	143
22.5 Conclusion	147
References	147
Chapter 23: Experimental and Analytical Investigation of Carbon Fiber Cable Damping	148
23.1 Analytical Model	148
23.1.1 Description of Cable Geometry	148
23.1.2 Axial Strain of Helical Wires	149
23.1.3 Axial Strain due to Elongation	149
23.1.4 Axial Strain due to Rotation	150
23.1.5 Modeling of Contact and Friction Forces	151
23.1.6 Interwire Contacts and Friction	151
23.1.7 Determination of Vibration Damping	152
23.2 Results and Discussion	152
References	153
Chapter 24: Volume Damageability According to Criteria of Mechanical and Rolling Fatigue	154
24.1 Introduction	154
24.2 Stress-Strain State	154
24.3 Limiting Values	155
24.4 Dangerous Volumes	156
24.5 Conclusion	158
References	159
Chapter 25: Developments in the Characterization of Metallic Adhesion	160
25.1 Introduction	160
25.2 Experimental Results	162
25.3 Results	162
25.4 Discussion	163
25.5 Conclusions	165
References	165
Chapter 26: Stress Initiation and Propagation in Glass During Ring-on-Ring Testing	166
26.1 Introduction	166
26.2 Numerical Simulations	166
26.3 Simulation Results	167
26.4 Conclusions	167
26.5 Future Efforts	174
References	174
Chapter 27: Investigation of Cavitation Using a Modified Hopkinson Apparatus	175
27.1 Introduction	175
27.2 Methods	176
27.3 Results and Discussion	178
References	180
Chapter 28: Characterization of Structural Epoxy Adhesives	182
28.1 Introduction	182
28.2 Methods	183
28.2.1 Adhesive Material	183
28.2.2 Tensile Testing	183
28.2.3 Compressive Testing	183
28.2.4 Shear Testing	183
28.3 Results and Discussion	184
28.4 Conclusions	187
References	187
Chapter 29: Rate Dependent Response of Cross-Linked Epoxy Networks	189
29.1 Introduction	189
29.2 Experimental	190
29.3 Results and Discussion	190
29.4 Conclusions	192
References	192
Chapter 30: Dynamic Crack Propagation in Layered Transparent Materials Studied Using Digital Gradient Sensing Method	193
30.1 Introduction	193
30.2 Digital Gradient Sensing Method	194
30.3 Specimen Geometry and Preparation	194
30.4 Experimental Details	195
30.5 Crack Path Selection	196
30.6 Optical Measurements and Data Analysis	198
30.7 Work-in-Progress	198
30.8 Conclusion	201
References	201
Chapter 31: Fracture Toughness Testing of Advanced Silicon Carbide Ceramics Using Digital Image Correlation	202
31.1 Introduction	202
31.2 Materials	203
31.3 Experimental Procedure	204
31.4 Results	205
31.5 Conclusions	206
References	206
Chapter 32: Fracture of Pre-stressed Woven Glass Fiber Composite Exposed to Shock Loading	208
32.1 Introduction	208
32.2 Material and Specimen Geometry	209
32.3 Experimental Procedure	209
32.4 Data Analysis	210
32.4.1 Stress Intensity Factor Associated with the Applied Prestress	212
32.4.2 Dynamic Stress Intensity Factor and Crack Tip Velocity	212
References	214
Chapter 33: A Miniature Tensile Kolsky Bar for Thin Film Testing	215
33.1 Introduction	215
33.2 Experimental Method	216
33.3 Discussion of Measurement Techniques	217
33.4 Results	219
33.5 Conclusions	220
References	220
Chapter 34: High Temperature Tension HSB Device Based on Direct Electrical Heating	221
34.1 Introduction	221
34.2 Tensile Hopkinson Split Bar Device	222
34.3 The High Temperature HSB System	224
34.4 Examples of Tests with the High Temperature HSB System	226
34.5 Summary	227
References	227
Chapter 35: Dynamic Flow Stress Measurements for Machining Applications	228
35.1 Introduction	228
35.2 Results	229
35.2.1 Graphite Foil Model Evaluation	229
35.2.2 Pulse-Heated Steel Measurements	231
35.3 Conclusions	233
References	233
Chapter 36: Thermo-Mechanical Behavior of AA-2219 and AA-2195 at High Strain Rates	234
36.1 Introduction	234
36.2 Materials and Experiments	235
36.2.1 Materials	235
36.2.2 Dynamic Experiments	235
36.2.3 Quasi-static Experiments	237
36.3 Results and Discussion	237
36.4 Conclusion	239
References	239
Chapter 37: Rigid Angular Impact Responses of a Generic Steel Vehicle Front Bumper and Crush Can: Correlation of Two Velocity-...	241
37.1 Introduction	241
37.2 Experimental Procedures	241
37.3 Results and Discussion	244
37.4 Conclusions	244
References	248
Chapter 38: Force-Time History Assessment of a Generic Steel Vehicle Front Bumper and Crush Can Subjected to a Rigid Center Po...	249
38.1 Introduction	249
38.2 Experimental Procedures	250
38.3 Results and Discussion	253
38.4 Conclusions	255
References	257
Chapter 39: Damage of Two Concrete Materials due to Enhanced Shaped Charges	258
39.1 Introduction	258
39.2 Experimental Set-Up	259
39.3 Experimental Results	260
39.4 High Strain Rate Characterisation	263
39.5 Numerical Analysis of the Target Damage	264
39.6 Discussion and Conclusions	266
References	267
Chapter 40: Influence of Free Water and Strain-Rate on the Behaviour of Concrete Under High Confining Pressure	269
40.1 Introduction	269
40.2 Quasi-static Experiments Performed on R30A7 Concrete	270
40.3 Dynamic Quasi-oedometric Experiments Performed on Wet R30A7 Concrete	271
40.4 Conclusion	272
References	272
Chapter 41: Numerical Investigation of Impact Condition Effects on Concrete Penetration	274
41.1 Introduction	274
41.2 Setup	275
41.3 Results	276
41.4 Discussion	277
41.5 Conclusions	281
References	282
Chapter 42: On the Damage Mechanisms Involved in Different Geomaterials Subjected to Edge-on Impact Experiments	283
42.1 Introduction	283
42.2 Experiments Performed on Common Concrete and Microconcrete	284
42.3 Experiments Performed on Ultra-high Performance Concrete	285
42.4 Experiments Performed on Two Limestone Rocks	286
42.5 Conclusion	287
References	287
Chapter 43: Effect of Boundary Conditions on the Thermo-Mechanical Response of Hastelloy X Plates Subjected to Shock Loading	288
43.1 Introduction	288
43.2 Material and Specimen	289
43.2.1 Material	289
43.2.2 Specimen	289
43.3 Experiment Setup and Procedure	290
43.3.1 Shock Tube	290
43.3.2 High Speed Photography System	290
43.3.3 Experimental Procedure	290
43.4 Results and Discussion	290
References	292
Chapter 44: Experimental Studies of the Matrix Detonating Cord Charge	293
44.1 Introduction	293
44.2 Experimental Setup and Procedures	293
44.3 Results and Analysis	295
44.4 Conclusions	303
References	304
Chapter 45: The Characterization of Ammonium Nitrate Mini-Prills	305
45.1 Introduction	305
45.2 Materials	306
45.3 Morphology	306
45.3.1 Scanned Electron Microscopy (SEM)	306
45.4 Influence of Critical Diameter on VOD	307
45.5 Influence of ANFO Shelf Life on VOD	308
45.6 Conclusion	308
References	310
Chapter 46: High-Strain Rate Compressive Behavior of Dry Mason Sand Under Confinement	311
46.1 Introduction	311
46.2 Experimental	312
46.3 Results and Discussion	313
46.4 Conclusions	318
References	318
Chapter 47: Scale Bridging Interactions During Penetration of Granular Materials	320
47.1 Introduction	320
47.2 Experiments	321
47.3 Results	321
47.4 Discussion	322
47.5 Implications for Scale Bridging Models	323
47.6 Conclusions	324
References	325
Chapter 48: Experimental Investigation on Material Dynamic Behaviors Using Ultra-high-speed Cameras	326
48.1 Introduction	326
48.2 Experimental Set-up	327
48.3 Experimental Results	327
48.4 Discussion	328
48.5 Conclusions	334
References	335
Chapter 49: Application of 3-D Digital Image Correlation Technique to Study Underwater Implosion	336
49.1 Introduction	336
49.2 Experimental Setup	337
49.2.1 Underwater Pressure Vessel Facility	337
49.2.2 Underwater 3-D Digital Image Correlation Calibration Setup	338
49.3 Experimental Results and Discussion	339
49.3.1 Underwater 3D DIC Calibration Results	339
49.3.2 Underwater Implosion Results	339
References	341
Chapter 50: Dynamic Analysis of a Plate Loaded by Explosively Driven Sand	342
50.1 Introduction	342
50.2 Model	343
50.3 Shock Consolidation	344
50.4 Experimental Set-Up	348
50.5 Modelling and Comparison with Experiments	349
50.6 Discussion and Conclusions	352
References	353
Chapter 51: Simulating the Planar Shock Response of Concrete	354
51.1 Introduction	354
51.2 Experimental Background	355
51.3 Motivation	355
51.4 Hugoniot Solving	356
51.5 Geometry Construction	357
51.6 Simulation Setup	358
51.7 Experimental and Simulated Velocity Profiles	359
51.8 Interface Testing	359
51.9 Conclusions	362
References	362
Chapter 52: Mesoscale Simulations of Dry Sand	363
52.1 Introduction	363
52.2 Experimental Setup	363
52.3 Simulation Setup	364
52.3.1 iSALE Hydrocode Setup	365
52.3.2 CTH Hydrocode Setup	366
52.4 Result	367
52.4.1 iSALE and CTH VISAR Results	367
52.4.2 Hugoniot Results	368
52.4.3 Stress-Strain	370
52.5 Conclusions	371
References	372
Chapter 53: Perforation of 6082-T651 Aluminum Plates with 7.62mm APM2 Bullets at Normal and Oblique Impacts	373
53.1 Introduction	373
53.2 Projectiles	374
53.3 AA6082-T651 Target Plates	374
53.4 The 7.62mm APM2 Bullet and Hard Steel Core Experiments	376
53.5 Cavity-Expansion Model	378
53.6 Summary and Discussion	385
References	385

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