11 Real-Time Visualization of Damage Progression Inside GFRCs via High-Speed X-Ray PCI Technique 71 Fig. 11.2 Dynamic failure behavior of the GFRP composite beam captured by the high-speed X-ray PCI technique Fig. 11.3 Dynamic failure behavior of the GFRP composite beam captured by the optical imaging technique 11.4 Conclusion This work presents the dynamic failure behaviors of pre-notched GFRC beams subjected to low-velocity impact via the high-speed X-ray PCI technique. By comparing with the experimental results via common optical imaging technique, it is revealed that the high-speed X-ray PCI technique is able to capture accurately the damage evolution inside the composites, including the matrix cracking, fiber bridging, fiber pullout, fiber/matrix debonding, fiber breakage, and delamination. Such decent damage detection enables to further understand the physical damage progression inside the composites and calculate the fracture toughness in quantification. Acknowledgments This research was sponsored by the Army Research Laboratory and was accomplished under Cooperative Agreement Number W911NF-12-2-0022. The views and conclusions contained in this document are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as representing the official policies, either expressed or implied, of the Army Research Laboratory or the US Government. The US Government is authorized to reproduce and distribute reprints for government purposes notwithstanding any copyright notation herein. References 1. Kulkarni, S.G., Gao, X.L., Horner, S.E., Zheng, J.Q., David, N.V.: Ballistic helmets–their design, materials, and performance against traumatic brain injury. Compos. Struct.101, 313–331 (2013) 2. Sathishkumar, T.P., Satheeshkumar, S., Naveen, J.: Glass fiber-reinforced polymer composites–a review. J. Reinf. Plast. Compos.33(13), 1258– 1275 (2014) 3. Takeda, S., Minakuchi, S., Okabe, Y., Takeda, N.: Delamination monitoring of laminated composites subjected to low-velocity impact using small-diameter FBG sensors. Compos. A: Appl. Sci. Manuf.36(7), 903–908 (2005) 4. Fard, M.Y., Sadat, S.M., Raji, B.B., Chattopadhyay, A.: Damage characterization of surface and sub-surface defects in stitch-bonded biaxial carbon/epoxy composites. Compos. Part B. 56, 821–829 (2014) 5. Gholizadeh, S., Leman, Z., Baharudin, B.T.H.T.: A review of the application of acoustic emission technique in engineering. Struct. Eng. Mech. Int. J.54(6), 1075–1095 (2015)
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