18 P. A. Lara et al. expansion to include other variables such as HF pulse shift or decay rates. Short-term actions aim to target some particular critical efforts in gaining a deeper understanding of this behavior. This includes work in relation to the sequencing of HF pulses to gain understanding on the effects of kinking and delay. Acknowledgments Work described was performed by the Naval Surface Warfare Center Carderock Division’s Platform Integrity Department and the University of Maryland College Park’s Department of Mechanical Engineering. Financial and technical support was provided by an NSWCCD In-house Laboratory Independent Research (ILIR) program under Dr. Jack Price and a grant provided to UMD by Program Officer Dr. Paul Hess of the Office of Naval Research Code 331 under grant number N000141812016. References 1. Murthy, R., Palani, G., Iyer, N.: State-of-the-art review on fatigue crack growth analysis under variable amplitude loading. IE(I) J., 12 (2004) 2. Sumi, Y.: Fatigue crack propagation in marine structures under seaway loading. Int. J. Fatigue, 7 (2014) 3. Fricke, W., Paetzold, H.: Experimental Investigations on Fatigue Damage of Ship Structures Caused by Whipping Stresses. In: PRADS, Changwon City, Korea (2013) 4. Wheeler, O.: Spectrum loading and crack growth. J. Basic Eng. Transport. ASME, 5 (1972) 5. Willenborg, J., Engle, R., Wood, H.: A crack growth retardation model using an effective stress concept. AFFDL TM-71-1-FBR, Jan 1971 (1971) 6. Mehrzadi, M., Taheri, F.: A material sensitive modified wheeler model for predicting the retardation in fatigue response of AM60B due to an overload. Int. J. Fatigue, 10 (2013) 7. Laseure, N.S.I.M.N.D.W.W.: Effects of Variable Amplitude Loading on Fatigue Life. Ghent University, Labo Soete, Ghent (2016) 8. Hart, D., Bruck, H.: Characterization and modeling of low Modulus composite patched center crack tension specimen using DIC surface. In: Society of Experimental Mechanics (2018) 9. ASTM-E8: ASTM E8M-08: Standard Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Materials. ASTM International, Conshohocken (2008) 10. ASTM-E466: ASTM E466–07: Standard Practice for Conducting Force Controlled Constant Amplitude Axial Fatigue Tests of Metallic Materials. ASTM International, Conshohocken (2007) 11. ASTM-E647: Standard Test Method for Measuring Fatigue Crack Growth Rates. ASTM International, Conshohocken (2015) 12. ASTM-E338: Standard Test Method of Sharp-Notch Tension Testing of High-Strength Sheet Materials. ASTM International, Conshohocken (2003) 13. Sutton, M., Orteu, J.-J., Schreier, H.: Image Correlation for Shape, Motion, and Deformation Measurements. Springer LLC, Boston (2009) 14. Jones, E.: Good practices guide for digital image Correllation. Int. Digital Image Correl. Soc. (2018) 15. Bannantine, J., Comer, J., Handrock, J.: Fundamentals of Metal Fatigue Analysis. Prentice Hall Inc, Upper Saddle River (1990) 16. Bruck, H.: Analysis of 3-D Effects near the Crack Tip on Rice’s 2-D J-Integral Using Digital Image Correllation and Smoothing Techniques, M.S. Thesis, Univeristy of South Carolina (1989) 17. Yates, J., Zanganeh, Y.: Quantifying crack tip displacement fields with DIC. Eng. Fracture Mech., 14 (2010) 18. Gdoutos, E.: Fracture Mechanics, An Introduction, 2nd edn. Springer, Minneapolis (2005) 19. Chen, F., Wang, F., Cui, W.: Fatigue life prediction of engineering structures subjected to variable amplitude loading using the improved crack growth rate model. Fatigue Fracture Eng. Mater. Struct., 13 (2011) 20. Anderson, T.: Fracture Mechanics Fundamental and Applications, 3rd edn. Taylor and Francis Group LLC, Boca Raton (2005) 21. Cerri, E., Evangelista, E.: Metallography of Aluminum Alloys. Mechanical Engineering Department, European Aluminum Association, Ancona (1999) 22. Ritchie, R.: Mechanisms of fatigue crack propagation in metals, ceramics and composites: role of crack tip shielding. Mater. Sci. Eng. A103, 14 (1988)
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